Water disinfection process

Polcaro AM, Vacca A, Mascia M et al (2007) Characterization of stirred tank electrochemical cell for water disinfection processes. Electrochim Acta 52 2595-2602... 

Li Z, Fenet H, Gomez E, Chiron S (2011) Transformation of the antiepileptic dmg oxcarbazepine upon different water disinfection processes. Water Res 45 1587-1596... 

Pereira RO, Postigo C, L6pez de Alda M, Daniel LA, Barceld D (2011) Removal of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products. Chemosphere... 

The intent of equipment rinsate blank collection as a field QC sample seems reasonable. In reality, however, equipment blank analyses rarely provide information that can be meaningfully related to the field samples because the only contaminants that are usually present in equipment blanks are common laboratory contaminants or byproducts of water disinfection process. 

The addition of sodium thiosulfate to samples collected for VOC analysis removes residual chlorine that may be present in drinking water as an artifact from water disinfection process. 

If VOCs are not among the contaminants of concern, bottled drinking water or commercially available deionized water often serves as an equitable substitute for analyte-free reagent water. (Certain VOCs are present in drinking water as the artifacts of water disinfection process.) If VOCs are among the project contaminants of concern, commercially available distilled water may be used for a final rinse. When bottled water is not available, and water of unknown quality is used for equipment blank collection, a source blank of such water is analyzed. The only situation when a source blank may be needed is when the sampled medium is water and low contaminant concentrations of organic compounds and metals are a matter of concern. 

Gutknecht, J., Hartmann, F., Kirmaier, N., Reis, A. and Schoeberl, M. (1981) Anodic Oxidation as a water disinfecting process in food plants and breweries (in German). GIT Fachz. Lab. 25,... 

Treated waters for domestic use are routinely analyzed using IC for both naturally present common inorganic anions and trace anionic contaminants, several classes of which actually originate as by-products of the treatment processes themselves. Oxyhalides, which originate from various drinking water disinfection processes, such as chlorination and ozonation, can be found present in finished drinking... 

The effluent obtained after solids removal and microbiological disinfection could be reused as cooling water, cleaning water or industrial process water in many industrial uses. A final polishing step may be necessary if higher quality requirements are needed in some specific industrial uses, e.g., cooling and boiler feed-water. Membrane processes such as NF or RO eliminate inorganic ions and reduce parameters like conductivity, alkalinity or salinity, etc. 

Tests should also be done in the presenee of organic matter (e.g. albumin) and in hard water. It is important to remember when performing viable counts that care must be taken to ensure that, at the moment of sampling, the disinfection process is immediately arrested by the use of a suitable neutralizer or ensuring inactivation by dilution (Table 11.4). Membrane filtration is an alternative procedure, the principle of whieh is that treated cells are retained on the filter whilst the disinfectant forms the filtrate. After washing in situ, the membrane is transferred to the surface of a solid (agar) reeoveiy medium and the eolonies that develop on the membrane are counted. 

This book examines comprehensively the chlorine industry and its effects on the environment. It covers not only the history of chlorine production, but also looks at its products, their effects on the global environment and the international legislation which controls their use, release and disposal. Individual chapters are dedicated to subjects such as end use processes, water disinfection and metallurgy, environmental release of organic chlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, legal instruments and the future of the chlorine industry. 

In the final step of the water treatment process at the waterworks Llobregat, disinfection of the water with chlorine is performed however, this also leads to no measurable removal of SPC, with resultant levels being around 2 p,g L 1 in the finished drinking water [23],... 

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) form an undesired species in the chlorine disinfection processes of waters (performed with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines). The high priority DBPs include brominated, chlorinated, and iodinated species of halomethanes, brominated, and chlorinated forms of haloacetonitriles, haloketones, haloacids, and halonitromethanes, as well as analogues of 3-chloro-(4-dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5//)-furanone. All the high priority DBPs included in the Nation-wide DBP occurrence study are listed in Table 18.1 together with other contaminants. 

Water conditions, such as temperature, alkalinity, iron levels, and manganese concentrations are all factors that can potentially affect the generation of mixed oxidants and the overall performance of the disinfection process. Some adjustment of the concentration of the mixed oxidant solution may be necessary to prevent scaling in hard-water areas. 

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