Clear liquid

It is a white, deliquescent solid, very powdery, which exhibits polymorphism on heating, several different crystalline forms appear over definite ranges of temperature -ultimately, the P4O10 unit in the crystal disappears and a polymerised glass is obtained, which melts to a clear liquid. 

It is advisable in any case before an experiment to place the weighed aluminium isopropoxide overnight in a shallow dish in a vacuum desiccator over sodium hydroxide. The isopropanol should be dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, and the clear liquid decanted off before use. 

If the third substance dissolves in both liquids (and the solubility in each of the liquids is of the same order), the mutual solubility of the liquids will be increased and an upper C.S.T. will be lowered, as is the case when succinic acid or sodium oleate is added to the phenol - water system. A 0 083 molar solution of sodium oleate lowers the C.S.T. by 56 -7° this large effect has been applied industrially in the preparation of the disinfectant sold under the name of Lysol. Mixtures of tar acids (phenol cresols) do not mix completely with water at the ordinary temperature, but the addition of a small amount of soap ( = sodium oleate) lowers the miscibility temperature so that Lysol exists as a clear liquid at the ordinary temperature. 

Using a standard vacuum distillation the solvent is distilled off. This shouldn t take too long. The first thing to come over after the solvent was the safrole, which with my vacuum (2mm) started at around 9CfC. The safrole will be a clear liquid, slightly viscous and will smell of liquorice. With the above measurements one can expect a yield of around 85g. No further cleaning up is necessary, and the safrole can be used as is for any further reactions. ... 

Calcium sulfate, CaS04 2H2O—0.03N mechanically stir 10 g in a liter of water for 3 hours decant and use the clear liquid. 

Screw presses (Fig. 2) do not produce a clear liquid product. Frequendy, the product is further filtered in a filter press to give a clear Hquid product. Press aids are added to feed materials containing fine particles or particles that can deform and plug the slots in the edge of a screw press. Typical press aids include sawdust, rice hulls, perlite, and diatomaceous earth (see Diatomite). A vertical screw press is a continuous press that has been used for dewatering sewage sludge (2). 

Presence of Solids When a pump is required to pump a hquid containing suspended solids, there are unique requirements which must be considered. Adequate clear-liquid hydraiilic performance and the use of carefully selected materials of construction may not be all that is required for satisfacdoiy pump selection. Dimensions of all internal passages are critical. Pockets and dead spots, areas where solids can accumulate, must be avoided. Close internal clearances are undesirable because of abrasion. Flushing connections for continuous or intermittent use should be provided. 

D-limonene (Florida Chemicals). A compound of optically active terpene (CioHie) derived as an extract from orange and lemon oils limited data shows veiy low viscosity at low temperatures—only one centipoise at —50°C natural substance having questionable stabihty, Theiminol D-12 (Mon.santo). A synthetic hydrocarbon clear liquid ... 

As noted, hdc U calciilated in terms of equivalent clear liquid. Actu-ahy, the liquid in the downcomer may be aerated and ac tual backup is... 

It is convenient and consistent to relate all of these pressure-drop terms to height of equivalent clear liquid (deaerated basis) on the plate, in either milhmeters or inches of liquid. 

The value of weir height crest may be calculated from the Francis weir equation and its modifications for various weir types. For a segmental weir and for height in millimeters of clear liquid,... 

As noted, the weir crest is calculated on an equivalent clear-liquid basis. A more realistic approach is to recognize that in general a froth or spray flows over the outlet weir (settling can occur upstream of the weir if a large calming zone with no dispersers is used). Bennett et al. [AIChE J., 29, 434 (1983)] allowed for froth overflow in a comprehensive study of pressure drop across sieve plates their correlation for residual pressure drop /jf in Eq. (14-87) is represented by Eqs. (14-115) through (14-120) ... 

An equihbrium, or theoretical, stage in liquid-liquid extraction as defined earlier is routinely utilized in laboratory procedures. A feed solution is contacted with an immiscible solvent to remove one or more of the solutes from the feed. This can be carried out in a separating funnel, or, preferably, in an agitated vessel that can produce droplets of about 1 mm in diameter. After agitation has stopped and the phases separate, the two clear liquid layers are isolated by decantation. 

The side depth of the thickener is determined as the sum of the depths needea for the compression zone and for the clear zone. Normally, 1.5 to 2 m of clear liquid depth above the expected pulp level in a thickener will be sufficient for stable, effective operation. When the location of the pulp level cannot be predicted in advance or it is expected to be relatively low, a thickener sidewall depth of 2 to 3 m is usually safe. Greater depth may be used in order to provide better clarity, although in most thickener applications the improvement obtained by this means will be marginal. 

Some contrasting characteristics of the main lands of three-phase reactors are summarized in Table 23-15. In trickle bed reactors both phases usually flow down, the liquid as a film over the packing. In flooded reactors, the gas and hquid flow upward through a fixed oed. Slurry reactors keep the solids in suspension mechanically the overflow may be a clear liquid or a slurry, and the gas disengages from the... 

Dissolve in Et20, add quinol (500mg for 300mL), dry over Na2S04, filter, evaporate and distil under dry N2. It is a clear liquid if dry and decompose very slowly. In the presence of H2O traces of tributyl tin hydroxide are formed in a few days. Store in sealed glass ampoules in small aliquots. It is estimated by reaction with aq NaOH when H2 is liberated. CARE stored samples may be under pressure due to liberated H2. [J Appl Chem 7 366 1957.]... 

Clear liquid velocity (ft/sec) through the downcomer is then found by multiplying DL by 0.00223. The correlation is not valid if Pl - pv is less than 301b/ft (very high pressure systems). For foaming systems, DL should be multiplied by 0.7. Frank recommends segmental downcomers of at least 5% of total column cross-sectional area, regardless of the area obtained by this correlation. 

Smith recommends obtaining the settling height (tray spacing minus clear liquid depth) by applying the familial Francis Weir formula. For our purposes of rapidly checking column diameter, a faster approach is needed. 

Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Solid (anhydrous) or liquid (70% solution) Color Glassy solid clear liquid Odor Weak, fishy. 

Figure 1. Direction of gravity force action and filtrate motion in filters A-cocurrent B-countercurrent C-crosscurrent solid arrow-direction of gravity force action dashed arrow- direction of filtrate motion 1-filter plate 2-cake 3-sludge 4-filtrate 5-clear liquid.

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