Bacteriostatic 447 Disinfectants

The pharmaceutical industry employs ozone in organic reactions to produce peroxides as germicides in skin lotions, for the oxidation of intermediates for bacteriostats, and in the synthesis of steroids (qv) such as cortisone (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). Vitamin E can be prepared by ozonation of trimethyUiydroquinone. 

Whereas these preparations do not possess the high bacteriostatic activity of quaternary ammonium germicides, they have the alternate advantage of being rapidly functional in acid solution. In comparative experiments of several different disinfectants, the acid—anionic killed bacteria at lower concentration than five other disinfectants. Only sodium hypochlorite and an iodine product were effective at higher dilution than the acid—anionic. By the AO AC use dilution test, the acid—anionic killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 225 ppm. Salmonella choleraesuis at 175 ppm, and Staphylococcus aureus at 325 ppm (172). 

Disinfection tests can be classified according to the test organism, ie, whether the test employs certain species of bacteria, fungi, or vimses classified as to whether it is a static test or a cidal test, as in a bactericidal vs bacteriostatic test or sporicidal vs sporistatic test or classified as to whether it is a microbial reduction test or an end-point test where all the organisms in the test are apparently killed. Procedures may be distinguished by in vitro or in vivo testing. Another way to consider tests is whether they are screening tests, practical type laboratory tests, or field tests. 

The acridine dyes, including proflavine, acriflavine and aminacrine, have also been employed for skin disinfection and treatment of infected wounds or burns. They are slow-acting and mainly bacteriostatic in effect, with no useful fungicidal or sporicidal... 

Uses Vulcanizer seed disinfectant rubber accelerator rabbit, deer and rodent repellent bacteriostat in soap. Protective fungicide applied to foliage to control Botrytis spp. On ornamentals, lettuce, soft fruit, and vegetables Venturia pirina on pears. Also used in fields and orchards to control birds, rodents, and deer (Worthing and Hance, 1991). Prevents infestation of... 

The potassium salt K[Fe4S3(NO)7] was many years ago shown to exhibit bacteriostatic action against a range of microorganisms, including both aerobic and anaerobic types (130-132) its antiseptic action was shown (130) to provide a good disinfectant of contaminated drinking water. 

A very commonly used disinfectant is ethanol-water in neutral or, preferably, in acidic conditions. Aqueous ethanol displays its best germicidal efficiency at a concentration of 60 to 70%. However, the most commonly used concentration in industry is about 20%, because higher concentrations require specific explosion-proof facilities. At 20%, ethanol has no sporicidal effect, its effect on viral inactivation is only partial and it does not destroy pyrogens (it only tends to destabilize large molecular aggregates of lipopolysaccharide molecules). For these reasons, 20% ethanol can only be considered as a bacteriostatic agent. Mixtures of ethanol with bases or acids are somewhat more sporicidal, but are not sufficient to provide sterilization at short incubation times and low temperatures. 

Phenol is a benzyl alcohol and a major oxidized metabolite of benzene that was introduced into medicine as an antiseptic (1). Although it can be prepared in an aqueous solution or in glycerine, it appears to be more effective when mixed in aqueous compounds. At a concentration of 0.2% it is bacteriostatic and at over 1% bactericidal (2). In addition to its uses as an antiseptic and disinfectant, phenol is also used as a sclerosant, as a local anesthetic on the skin, and as an analgesic, by injection into nerves or spinally, but its use was limited by severe adverse effects. Current medical uses include cosmetic face peeling, nerve injections, and topical anesthesia. It is also an ingredient of various topical formulations, and is used as an environmental disinfectant. 

Sodium borate has weak bacteriostatic and astringent properties. Historically, sodium borate has been used as a disinfectant in skin lotions and eye-, nose-, and mouthwashes. However, boric acid is easily absorbed via mucous membranes and damaged skin, and severe toxicity has been observed, especially in babies and children. Consequently, the use of sodium... 

Key terms such as disinfection, sterilization and preservation are defined in Chapter 17 but other terms are often employed to describe the antimicrobial activity of agents. Hence, terms such as biocidal, bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal describe a killing activity, whereas bacteriostatic and fungistatic refer to inhibition of growth of the organism... 

Use Vulcanizing agent for rubber, especially for steam hose and other heat-resistant uses fungicide insecticide seed disinfectant lubricating oil additive bacteriostat animal repellent. 

These tests are used to test a new raw material or a complete formula. They are also used to support claim substantiation. They are easy, safe, and cheap tests and are designed to simulate actual use conditions. The first three of the tests discussed below can be used to screen products for either handwash products or for efficacy as surface disinfectants, as they test for bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic action without reference to a surface. The last two tests are specifically used to document surface disinfection claims. 

Bardac . [Lonza] Quaternary ammonium compds. disinfectant, sanitizer, bacteriostat... 

Rewoquat [Rewo GmbH] Quaternary conipds. disinfectant, antistat, fabric and hair softener, bacteriostat, fungicide. 

Ishidate et al. 133,205-208 found that isoxazolidinium salts 47a and the like are effective in the therapy of malignant tumors and have strong biological activity toward Yoshida sarcoma. It appears that the salt 47d is inactive to Yoshida sarcoma.153,56,2°9 The relation between the size of the alkyl substituent in the salt 75 and its antibacterial action was investigated. The bacteriostatic action is maximal with R = CI2H2J, which is still active toward Staphylococcus aureus 209P with the maximum dilution of 400,000. For use as a disinfectant or a bacteriocide the salt of 75 is possible.30... 

Preservative, bacteriostat, fungistat for soluble cutting fluids, coolants and other products. Registered by EPA as an antimicrobial and disinfectant. Arch Chemicals Inc Avecia Inc. BASF Microcheck Ltd. Buckman Laboratories Inc. Clariant Corp. Dow Chem. U.S.A. Henkel Surface Tech Nalco Diversified Technologies, Inc. Nipa ... 

Cationic surfactants contain quaternary ammonium ions as their hydrophilic parts (Table 30.3). This class of surfactants has gained importance because of its bacteriostatic properties. Therefore, cationic surfactants are applied as disinfectants and antiseptic components in personal care products and medicine. Because of their high adsorptivity to a wide variety of surfaces, they are used as antistatic agents, textile softeners, corrosion inhibitors, and flotation agents. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the rubber industry as an accelerator and vulcanizing agent used as a bacteriostat in commercial and surgical soap, antiseptics, sunburn oil and fats useful as a seed disinfectant. 

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