Wound disinfection

Tests have been published for determining toxicity towards leucocytes. Evaluation on the infected chorioallantoic membrane of hens eggs was suggested as being a useful method of testing potential wound disinfectants. 

Wound disinfection can be achieved with hydrogen peroxide (0.3%-l% solution short, foaming action on contact with blood and thus wound cleansing) or with potassium permanganate (0.0015% solution, slightly astringent), as well as PVP iodine, chlorhexidine, and biguanidines. 

Tosylchloramide has been used as a wound disinfectant, a general surgical antiseptic, and for the disinfection of water (1). 

Chloroxylenol is a common constituent of many proprietary disinfectants used for skin and wound disinfection see Table I. 

Cresol is similar to phenol although it is less caustic and toxic. However, cresol is sufficiently caustic to be unsuitable for skin and wound disinfection. In studies in rabbits, cresol was found to be metabolized and excreted primarily as the glucuronide. ... 

The last point is important in dealing with patients contamination of the eyes with bleach is a potentially serious problem. This is considered below. The N -chloro-compounds (chloroamines and Fi-clor ) are more stable, more effective and are less irritating than the hypochlorites. Chloramine has been used as a wound disinfectant and as a surgical antiseptic. Martindale (Reynolds, 1996) notes that the maximum allowable concentration in cosmetics, in the UK, is... 

Elevated total mercury concentrations in various human tissues and body fluids are associated with increasing consumption of fish, use of skin-lightening creams containing mercuric ammonium chloride, and recipients or users of ethylmercury compounds as wound disinfectants moreover, hair concentrations >3.1 mg methylmercury/kg DW were found in Iraqis that died in 1971 from consuming methylmercury-contaminated wheat. 

Sodium hypochlorite (modified DAKIN s solution, CAS no. 7681-52-9). This is used as a wound disinfectant, usually at concentrations of 0.02-0.1% w/v aqueous solution. It is an oxidizing agent and considered a primary irritant (Frosch 1995 Tupker et al. 1997). 

In 1909, it was introduced for surgical treatment of scars and wound disinfection. But in the 1920s it went out of fashion after the low cure rates proved it didn t actually work However, even as late as the 1960s various manufacturers supplied human fat in preparations for external use as anti-wrinkle creams. The fat here was obtained from placentas collected by midwives and obstetric departments. 

Over 68 aerosol products containing isopropyl alcohol solvent have been reported (145). Aerosol formulations include hair sprays (146), floor detergents (147), shoe poHshes (148), insecticides (149,150), bum ointments (151), window cleaners, waxes and poHshes, paints, automotive products (eg, windshield deicer), insect repellents, flea and tick spray, air refreshers, disinfectants, veterinary wound and pinkeye spray, first-aid spray, foot fungicide, and fabric-wrinMe remover (152) (see Aerosols). 

Whereas tests (186) indicated that ampholytes were effective in skin cleansing for preoperative use, for wound cleansing, and as an antiseptic in the oral cavity (187), as well as other medical appHcations, the food and beverage industries have proved to be the principal employers of these compounds. Ampholytes are used as sanitizers and disinfectants, not as food preservatives. Low toxicity, absence of skin irritation, and noncorrosiveness, along with antimicrobial activity, has given ampholytes acceptance in dairies, meat plants, and the brewing and soft drink industries. These disinfectants have been manufactured and distributed in Europe and Japan, but not in the United States. 

ATC B05CA08 D08AA01 Use wound antiseptic, intestinal disinfectant... 

The effluent from the disinfection step was flowed through a polysulfone spiral wound NF Pilot Plant with 0.7 m of membrane (DSS TEST UNIT M20-0,72-PSO, ALFA-LAVAL) working at room temperature and at 20 bar operation pressure. 

The acridine dyes, including proflavine, acriflavine and aminacrine, have also been employed for skin disinfection and treatment of infected wounds or burns. They are slow-acting and mainly bacteriostatic in effect, with no useful fungicidal or sporicidal... 

Surgical hand disinfection. This term refers to the pre-operative disinfeetion of surgeons hands, with the aim of preventing surgieal wound infection. The most important criteria associated with surgical hand disinfection are ... 

Prior to 1977, trichloroethylene was used as a general and obstetrical anesthetic grain fumigant skin, wound, and surgical disinfectant pet food additive and extractant of spice oleoresins in food and of caffeine for the... 

Thoroughly wash the remains with antimicrobial soap and water. Pay particular attention to areas where agent may get trapped, such as hair, scalp, pubic areas, fingernails, folds of skin, and wounds. If deemed appropriate, the cadaver can be treated with a surface disinfectant listed in Section 17.2.2. 

A number of agents have been used to disinfect pressure sores (e.g., povidone-iodine, iodophor, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid) as well as other types of open wounds however, these agents should be avoided as they impair healing. 

What to do Plant resistant cultivars when available. Vigorously growing trees are less susceptible to this disease. Prune out infected branches during dry weather disinfect your pruners between cuts. Avoid making unnecessary wounds in the bark, which can provide an entry for the fungus. 

Skin disinfection." Reduction of germ counts prior to punctures or surgical procedures is desirable if the risk of wound infection is to be minimized. Useful agents include alcohols (1- and 2-propanol ethanol 60-90% iodine-re-leasing agents like polyvinylpyrrolidone [povidone, PVPj-iodine as a depot form of the active principle iodine, instead of iodine tincture), cationic surfactants, Liillmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology <... 

Phage preparations have also been found to be very useful in the disinfection of surfaces and facilities in hospitals. Walls in wards, different surfaces, and even instruments and wounds (the source of some pathogens) have also been treated, with a considerable effect in children s clinics [41], Recent studies demonstrated a high eradicating effect of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus phages in a laboratory environmental model [42, 43]. 

Disinfectants are strong chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms (Table 50-1). Antiseptics are disinfecting agents with sufficiently low toxicity for host cells that they can be used directly on skin, mucous membranes, or wounds. Sterilants kill both vegetative cells and spores when applied to materials for appropriate times and temperatures. Some of the terms used in this context are defined in Table 50-2. 

N.A. Styrax benzoin Dryander Cinnamic, benzoic, sumaresinolic acid esters, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, vanillin.99 Antiseptic, astringent. Externally for wounds and ulcers, internally to settle cramps, stimulate coughing, disinfect the urinary tract. 

You are probably familiar with the 2% alcoholic solution of iodine known as tincture of iodine. It is found in almost every home medicine cabinet and is used as a disinfectant for wounds. Iodine has many other uses — in photography and in the preparation of various medicines and dyes. 

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