Aromatic structure

The aromatic extracts are black materials, composed essentially of condensed polynuclear aromatics and of heterocyclic nitrogen and/or sulfur compounds. Because of this highly aromatic structure, the extracts have good solvent power. 

Other organo-metallic structures (based on manganese in particular), based on the chemistry of -rr complexes with aromatic structures, can also be used to improve the octane number (Guibet, 1987, p. 276). 

Aromaticity Aromatic structures are indicated by writing all the atoms involved in lower-case letters. 

In unsaturated molecules electronic effects can be transmitted by mesomerism as well as by inductive effects. As with the latter, the mesomeric properties of a group are described by reference to hydrogen. Groups which release electrons to the unsaturated residue of the molecule are said to exert a +Af effect, whereas groups which attract electrons are said to exert a —Af effect. In aromatic structures the important feature of an M-substituent is that it influences the 0- and p-positions selectively. 

The tautomerism of six-membered heterocycles has been referred to elsewhere (Section 2.01.1), in connection with the variety of aromatic structures available to heterocyclic compounds. In this section we consider the matter in more detail. For a fuller discussion the reader should consult the monograph by Elguero et al. (76AHC(S1)) which thoroughly covers work on the subject up to 1976. 

Again, as with pyridopyrimidines, the main reaction is oxidation of di- or poly-hydro derivatives to fully aromatic structures, often merely by air or oxygen. In some cases the reagent of choice is mercury(II) oxide, whilst other reagents used include sulfur, bromine, chloranil, chromium trioxide-acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium ferricyanide, which also caused oxidative removal of a benzyl group in the transformation (306) (307)... 

Examples of the remaining potential 3,4-dihydroxy heterocycles are presently restricted to furan and thiophene. Although the parent 3,4-dihydroxyfuran apparently exists as the dioxo tautomer (86), derivatives bearing 2-alkyl or 2,5-dialkyl substituents prefer the keto-enol structure (87) (71T3839, 73HCA1882). The thiophene analogues also prefer the tautomeric structure (87), except in the case of the 2,5-diethoxycarbonyl derivative which has the fully aromatic structure (88) (71T3839). 

When a hydroxyazole can tautomerize to a non-aromatic structure, oxidation at an annular sulfur atom becomes easy, e.g. as in Scheme 9 (79AHC 25)83). 

Substituted indazolones exist in the OH form (143b) and 2-substituted indazolones exist in the NH form (144a), whereas the structure of AC-unsubstituted indazolones varies with the physical state. This difference of behaviour, depending on the position of the A -R substituent, corresponds to the aromatic structure of the indazole derivatives compared with the quinonoid structure of isoindazoles. 

Formation of aromatic structures such as benzene and its homologues by platforming and other processes. This route is of ever increasing importance in the production of aromatic materials. 

Several methods ean be employed to eonvert eoal into liquids, with or without the addition of a solvent or vehiele. Those methods which rely on simple pyrolysis or carbonization produce some liquids, but the mam produet is eoke or char Extraction yields can be dramatically increased by heating the coal over 350°C in heavy solvents sueh as anthraeene or eoal-tar oils, sometimes with applied hydrogen pressure, or the addition of a eatalyst Solvent eomponents whieh are espeeially benefieial to the dissolution and stability of the produets eontain saturated aromatic structures, for example, as found in 1,2,3,4 tctrahydronaphthalene Ilydroaromatie eompounds are known to transfer hydrogen atoms to the coal molecules and, thus, prevent polymerization... 

The NMR spectrum indicates a planar aromatic structure. It has been demonstrated that the dianion is more stable than the radical anion formed by one-electron reduction, since the radical anion disproportionates to cyclooctatetraene and the dianion ... 

The compound was reasonably stable, reverting to the aromatic starting material only on heating. Part of the stability of this particular Dewar beii2ene derivative can be attributed to steric factors. The r-butyl groups are farther apart in the Dewar benzene stracture than in the aromatic structure. The unsubstituted Dewar benzene was successfully prepared in 1963. 

Coke formed on the catalyst surface is thought to he due to polycondensation of aromatic nuclei. The reaction can also occur through a car-honium ion intermediate of the benzene ring. The polynuclear aromatic structure has a high C/H ratio. 

The numerous biotransformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes include aromatic and aliphatic hydroxylations, epoxidations of olefinic and aromatic structures, oxidations and oxidative dealkylations of heteroatoms and as well as some reductive reactions. Cytochromes P450 of higher animals may be classified into two broad categories depending on whether their substrates are primarily endogenous or xenobiotic substances. Thus, CYP enzymes of families 1-3 catalyze... 

The important yet unexpected result is that in NR-s-SBR (solution) blends, carbon black preferably locates in the interphase, especially when the rubber-filler interaction is similar for both polymers. In this case, the carbon black volume fraction is 0.6 for the interphase, 0.24 for s-SBR phase, and only 0.09 in the NR phase. The higher amount in SBR phase could be due to the presence of aromatic structure both in the black and the rubber. Further, carbon black is less compatible with NR-cE-1,4 BR blend than NR-s-SBR blend because of the crystallization tendency of the former blend. There is a preferential partition of carbon black in favor of cis-1,4 BR, a significant lower partition coefficient compared to NR-s-SBR. Further, it was observed that the partition coefficient decreases with increased filler loading. In the EPDM-BR blend, the partition coefficient is as large as 3 in favor of BR. 

Figure 9.3. Coke is the name for the carbonaceous deposit that builds upon catalysts during the treatment of hydrocarbons. It consists of many aromatic structures and has a low H C ratio. Graphite,...

The nature of dangerous reactions involving organic chemicals depends on the saturated, unsaturated or aromatic structures of a particular compound. Saturated hydrocarbons are hardly reactive, especially when they are linear. Branched or cyclic hydrocarbons (especially polycyclic condensed ones) are more reactive, in particular as with oxidation reactions. With ethylenic or acetylenic unsaturated compounds, the products are endothermic . 

Nys, G. G., Rekker, R. F. The concept of hydrophobic fragmental constants (f values). 11. Extension of its applicability to the calculation of lipophilidties of aromatic and hetero-aromatic structures. Chim. Therap. 1974, 9, 361-375. 

Quasi-aromatic structures are also known in which the stabilised cyclic species is an ion, e.g. the cycloheptatrienyl (tropylium) cation (15, cf. p. 106), the cyclopentadienyl anion (16, cf. p. 275), both of which have 67te (n = 1), and even more surprisingly the cyclopropenyl cation (17, cf. p. 106) which has 2ne (n = 0) ... 

The Thermal Decomposition of Aromatic Ethers. According to the results of Table I, the bond scission of oxygen containing polynucleus aromatic structure of coal at liquefaction temperature of 450°C seems to occur mainly at methylene or ether structures. Therefore, it will be very important to study the... 

H NMR and 2H NMR spectra of fractionated coal products from El0 and El9 were recorded and analyzed to determine and 2H composition for each structural position. In our study, y y and 2Hx,v are defined as the fraction of the JH and 2H determined from the integrals of the NMR spectra of a given soluble fraction where y equals HS, BS or BMS and x = y-alkyl, 0-alkyl, a-alkyl or aromatic structural positions. The spectral range of the NMR integrations are given in Table V. 

Resonance or electromeric effects. Certain molecular structures are characterized by the possibility of having two or more compatible electronic structures and the molecules exist in a resonance state intermediate between the several extremes. These effects are particularly characteristic of aromatic structures and other molecules containing conjugate double bonds. 

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