Clean rooms disinfection

It is normally found in Sub Saharan Africa. The natural reservoir are ticks, wild pigs, and warthogs. Ticks remain infected for life. It is resistant to cleaning and disinfection. It can survive for 15 weeks in putrefied blood, 70 days in blood on wooden boards, and 11 days in feces at room temperature. It can survive for up to 6 months in infected meats and can even survive in smoked or partly cooked sausages and other pork products. 

Aseptic techniques are used to avoid the possibility of infection of the animals or ceU cultures. These include the preparation of the vaccines and spleens under aseptic conditions in a class 100 clean room equipped with a laminar airfiow hood, sterilization of instruments, and treatment of work surfaces with disinfectant before and after use, washing of the investigator s hands with an antiseptic surgical scrub preparation, and wearing of sterile gloves, face mask, and eyeglasses. 

Figure 3.2. Generalized clean room design. Entry of personnel occurs via changing rooms, where the operators first remove their outer garments and subsequently put on suitable clean room clothing (see e.g. Figure 3.3). All raw materials, portable equipment, etc. enters the clean room via a transfer lock. After being placed in the transfer lock, such items are sanitized (where possible) by, for example, being rubbed down with a disinfectant solution. They are then transferred into the clean room proper, by clean room personnel. Processed product usually exits the clean room via an exit transfer lock and personnel often exit the room via a changing room separate from the one they entered (in some cases, the same changing room is used as an entry and exit route). Note that, in practice, product may be processed in a number of different (adjacent) clean rooms...

CDS of clean room walls, floors and accessible surfaces of clean room equipment is routinely undertaken between production runs. The final CDS step often entails fogging the room. This is achieved by placing some of the disinfectant in an aerosol-generating device (a fogging machine ). This generates a fine disinfectant mist, or fog, within the clean room, capable of penetrating areas difficult to reach in any other manner. 

A system for cleaning and disinfecting the room and equipment to produce aseptic conditions. 

Health care staff or other visitors leaving a suspected VHP patient s room should safely remove and dispose aU protective equipment, clean and disinfect shoes soiled with body fluid. See below, under environmental control procedures, for the proper method of disposal and disinfection. 

Liquid formulations should be prepared in an area that Is as clean as possible. Water for parenteral products should be of pharmacopoeial Water for Injection quality. Mixing vessels and other equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. It is normal for these areas to be provided with filtered air from HEPA fllteis of somewhat lower efficiencies than those providing protection to aseptic filling rooms. Sterilization of liquid products should be by filtration through... 

This is an area reserved for sterile operations. Workers should only enter through an air-lock or other suitable passage. All the wails, floors, and ceiling of the sterile room and gowning room should be easily cleaned and disinfected at regular, closely spaced intervals. 

Floors, walls and ceilings of clean work rooms must be smooth, impervious and undamaged in order to permit cleaning and disinfection and to prevent the accumulation and release of dust and micoorganisms. No unpainted wooden surfaces may be present. 

If major equipment maintenance has taken place in a work room, this room and the equipment installed therein must be cleaned and disinfected before work is resumed. 

Sterilized and disinfected materials required for the preparation of sterile products in a clean room must be introduced into the latter in such a manner that microbial contamination will be prevented as far as possible. 

Of chlorocresol (see Fig. 23.18), p-chloro-m-cresol and metacresol (m-cresol, see Fig. 23.19) only the last one is mentioned as a preservative in parenteral preparations (see Sect. 13.5.9). Chlorocresol is used as a disinfectant of clean rooms (see Table 31.5). The solubility of chlorocresol in water is 0.4 % the active concentration is 0.1 %. The solubility of metacresol is approximately 2 %. Solutions of chlorcresol or metacresol resist autoclaving. 

Keyboards and mouses should easily be cleaned and disinfected and therefore must be chemically resistant. The casings of the computers should be installed in such a way that accumulation of dust is diminished, for the protection of the computer as well as the pharmaceutical product. The air in classified rooms will hardly carry any dust, but... 

A requirement for premises for sterile preparations (clean rooms) is that walls are free from any ledges and seams to enable effective cleaning and disinfection. The provisimi of ample glazing for supervision and well-being of personnel should be considered. The ledge free and seamless mounting of windows and doors into walls is known as flush fitting . 

Doors in clean rooms must be flush mounted, smooth, clean-able, if necessary disinfectable and as far as possible seamless. This especially goes for doors in GMP classified premises as indicated in Sect. 27.4.2. Points of special interest are ... 

Before any aseptic activity, hands should be thoroughly washed and disinfected, usually with an alcohol-based gel. The skin flora is both transient and resident. Resident flora is difficult to remove, so it is recommended to always use gloves within the clean room suite. Whilst carrying out aseptic handling in a Grade A environment, sterile gloves are required. 

Clean rooms have to be wet cleaned with the aid of polyester or microfibre swabs or mops. Polyester is used for light cleaning and disinfecting. The polyester fibres adsorb dirt and if wetted with a disinfectant the disinfectant will be evenly spread out on the surface. Microfibre swabs and mops are used for cleaning only. The microfibres ensure that particles are not only removed from the cleaned surface but are firmly captured within the fibres. Dry polyester swabs or mops are only used for removing wet product or other wet waste. 

Clean room disinfectirm should be performed with a broad spectmm (non aggressive) disinfectant Most commonly used are alcohols, chlorine compounds, hydrogen peroxide, phenolic compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds. Table 31.4 gives an overview of the microbiological inactivation. Alcohols and hydrogen peroxide do not leave residues after evaporation. Sodium hypochlorite is very corrosive towards many materials, including stainless steel. For more information about the disinfectants in Table 31.4 see [6] and [22]. 

Cockroft MG, Hepworth D, Rhodes JC, Addison P, Beany AM (2001) Validation of liquid disinfection techniques for transfer of components into hospital pharmacy clean rooms. Hosp Pharm... 

Cleaning and disinfection of qualified areas such as clean rooms (see Sect. 31.4), require intensive training, a special attitude and a thoughtful system. This is necessary to ensure that the persons performing the cleaning do not cause the opposite. 

Control phage proliferation includes, among others, direct inoculation of milk with concentrated starter cultures use of antiphage starter medium use of separate rooms for starter production and cheese manufacture regular cleaning and disinfections (chlorinate) of vats, equipments, rooms (laboratory and factory), clothes, and air (positive filttation) rotation of starter strains. 

The oxidative degradation of organic pollutants in water and air streams is considered as one of the so-called advanced oxidation processes. Photocatalytic decomposition of organics found widespread industrial interest for air purification (e.g., decomposition of aldehydes, removal of NO , ), deodorization, sterilization, and disinfection. Domestic applications based on Ti02 photocatalysts such as window self-cleaning, bathroom paints that work under illumination with room light, or filters for air conditioners operating under UV lamp illumination have already been commercialized. Literature-based information on the multidisciplinary field of photocatalytic anti-pollutant systems can be found in a number of publications, such as Bahnemann s [237, 238] (and references therein). 

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