Instruments disinfection

Oxidizing agents Disrupt sulfide bonds Hydrogen peroxide is used to clean puncture wounds potassium permanganate is used to disinfect instruments... 

In disinfection of instruments, the chemicals used must not adversely affect the instruments, e.g. cause corrosion of metals, affect clarity or integrity of lenses, or change texture of synthetic polymers. Many materials such as fabrics, rubber, plastics are capable of adsorbing certain disinfectants, e.g. quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), are adsorbed by fabrics, while phenolics are adsorbed by rubber, the consequence ofthis being a reduction in concentration of active compound. A disinfectant can only exert its effect ifit is in contact with the item being treated. Therefore access to all parts of an instrument or piece of equipment is essential. For small items, total immersion in the disinfectant must also be ensured. 

Storage of instruments, clean instrument disinfection (30min) Emergency instrument disinfection (2min)... 

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. The presence of water is essential for activity, hence 100% ethanol is ineffective. Concentrations between 60 and 95% are bactericidal but a 70% solution is usually employed for the disinfection of skin, clean instruments or surfaces. At higher concentrations, e.g. 90%, ethanol is also active against most viruses, including TUV. Ethanol is also a popular choice in pharmaceutical preparations and cosmetic products as a solvent and preservative. 

Ayliffe G.A.J., Coates D. Hofifinan P.N. (1993) Chemical Disinfection in Hospitals. London PHLS. British Medical Association (1989) Code of Practice for Sterilization of Instruments and Control of Cross Infection. London BMA (Board of Science and Education). 

Other Standard Precautions After an invasive procedure or autopsy, all instruments used and locations need to be disinfected with a sporicidal agent. Recommended for use is... 

For those VHF viruses that can be transmitted from one victim to another person, response and medical personnel should avoid close physical contact with the victim and his or her body fluids. Barrier nursing or infection control techniques include isolating infected persons, wearing protective clothing, disinfection, and disposal of instruments and equipment used for the treatment of VHF, including needles and thermometers. Special Precautions are a must do factor when responding to or caring for viral hemor-... 

This book examines comprehensively the chlorine industry and its effects on the environment. It covers not only the history of chlorine production, but also looks at its products, their effects on the global environment and the international legislation which controls their use, release and disposal. Individual chapters are dedicated to subjects such as end use processes, water disinfection and metallurgy, environmental release of organic chlorine compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, legal instruments and the future of the chlorine industry. 

Aseptic techniques are used to avoid the possibility of infection of the animals or ceU cultures. These include the preparation of the vaccines and spleens under aseptic conditions in a class 100 clean room equipped with a laminar airfiow hood, sterilization of instruments, and treatment of work surfaces with disinfectant before and after use, washing of the investigator s hands with an antiseptic surgical scrub preparation, and wearing of sterile gloves, face mask, and eyeglasses. 

Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments, etc. Same substances can act as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant by varying the concentration. For example, 0.2 per cent solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant. 

Disinfection of instruments Instruments that cannot be heat- or steam-sterilized can be precleaned and then disinfected with dehydes and detergents. 

In dentistry, they are used for sterilization of certain instruments and prevention and treatment of dental plaque and peridental diseases. They are also used in root canal therapy (RCT), treatment of acute necrotizing gingivitis and other infective oral conditions. Antiseptics and disinfectants are also used as ingredient in various dentifrices. 

Used as antiseptic disinfectant for surgical, instruments, utensils, baths etc. 

Poor disinfectant for instruments (does not kill spores promotes rusting). 

Less volatile, less pungent, less irritating. 2% solution is used to disinfect surgical instruments endoscopes. 

Phage preparations have also been found to be very useful in the disinfection of surfaces and facilities in hospitals. Walls in wards, different surfaces, and even instruments and wounds (the source of some pathogens) have also been treated, with a considerable effect in children s clinics [41], Recent studies demonstrated a high eradicating effect of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus phages in a laboratory environmental model [42, 43]. 

Alcohols are flammable and must be stored in cool, well-ventilated areas. They must be allowed to evaporate before cautery, electrosurgery, or laser surgery. Alcohols may be damaging if applied directly to corneal tissue. Therefore, instruments such as tonometers that have been disinfected in alcohol should be rinsed with sterile water, or the alcohol should be allowed to evaporate before they are used. 

Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde are used for disinfection or sterilization of instruments such as fiberoptic endoscopes, respiratory therapy equipment, hemodialyzers, and dental handpieces that cannot withstand exposure to the high temperatures of steam sterilization. They are not corrosive for metal, plastic, or rubber. These agents have a broad spectrum of activity against microorganisms and viruses. They act by alkylation of chemical groups in proteins and nucleic acids. Failures of disinfection or steri... 

Equipment used in medical practice for disease diagnosis, which come into contact with the body, must be sterilized. Nonsterilizations can cause transmission of infection from one person to other. Commonly, 2% glutaraldehyde solution is used. Instruments must be kept in the solution for at least 3 hours, but high-level disinfection is achieved in 20 to 30 minutes for most. Glutaraldehyde is an irritant and may cause sensitization. Alternatively, paracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, and superoxidized water are used for this purpose. 

The Food Standards Code [10] is the main regulatory instrument which controls the quality of food, contaminant levels, approved additives, processing aids, sanitisers and disinfectants and these standards are performance based. If a chemical or a group of chemicals is covered by a food standard then they must only be used in food in accordance with the standard. However, if a chemical is not mentioned in a standard, then this does not preclude its use in food. For a new chemical not previously used in food production, it would be necessary for the supplier to undertake a detailed risk analysis of the product to demonstrate its safety and suitability. The assessment would need to consider both the toxicological profile of the chemical and the levels of human exposure that are likely to arise from residues in food. 

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