Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Bladders

In an ecological study of a population in southwest Taiwan, Wu et al. (1989) reported a significant dose-response relationship in age-adjusted mortality from bladder cancer. In males, the mortality rates (per 100,000) were 23, 61, and 93 and for females the rates were 26, 57, and 111 for mean arsenic levels of 0.3, 0.3-0.59, and 0.6 mgL-1 in drinking water. [Pg.260]

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. [Pg.190]

Still V5X higher than for [Pt(NH3)i,] (0.25%). The spread In Pt concentrations after 7 d Is nearly 40-fold. [Pg.192]


It is a powerful antagonist of histamine, antagonizing its effect on smooth muscle of the bronchioles, bladder and partially the intestines and preventing the dilation of capillaries. Promethazine is used in the treatment of allergic reactions. [Pg.328]

Saccharin. Sacchatin [81-07-2] C H NO S, which is approximately 300 times as sweet as sucrose ia coaceatratioas up to the equivaleat of a 10% sucrose solutioa, has beea used commercially as a nonnutritive sweeteaer siace before 1900, predomiaanfly ia carboaated soft drioks, tabletop sweeteaers, and dietetic foods marketed primarily to diabetics. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on sacchatin because of its association with bladder cancer ia laboratory animals. At the time, it was the only commercially available nonnutritive sweetener, and pubflc outcry led to a delay of the ban, which was officially withdrawn ia 1991. Instead, the FDA required that warning labels be placed on all foods that contained the iagredient. Although sacchatin is heat stable, the pubflc debate over its safety, as well as the fact that approximately one-third of the population perceives it to have a bitter aftertaste, has limited its use. [Pg.442]

Other Sweeteners. Two other sweeteners, sucralose and cyclamates, are approved for use outside of the United States. Sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose which is 500—600 times as sweet as sugar, has received limited approval in Canada, and petitions for its approval are pending in the United States and Europe (71). Cyclamate sweeteners, once available in the United States, but now baimed because they caused bladder cancer in animals, are stiU available in Canada and Europe. Table 7 gives several examples of nonnutritive sweeteners that have been developed. [Pg.442]

Of the water-soluble vitamins, intakes of nicotinic acid [59-67-6] on the order of 10 to 30 times the recommended daily allowance (RE)A) have been shown to cause flushing, headache, nausea, and moderate lowering of semm cholesterol with concurrent increases in semm glucose. Toxic levels of foHc acid [59-30-3] are ca 20 mg/d in infants, and probably approach 400 mg/d in adults. The body seems able to tolerate very large intakes of ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (vitamin C) without iH effect, but levels in excess of 9 g/d have been reported to cause increases in urinary oxaHc acid excretion. Urinary and blood uric acid also rise as a result of high intakes of ascorbic acid, and these factors may increase the tendency for formation of kidney or bladder stones. AH other water-soluble vitamins possess an even wider margin of safety and present no practical problem (82). [Pg.479]

A toxic component of braken fern, perhaps either quercetin (105) or ptaquiloside, a glucoside (106), has a mixed history of carcinogenicity. It is sometimes impHcated in an increased incidence of bladder cancer in animals and esophageal cancer in humans. Multiple other dietary components seem to either promote or interfere with its action, and the significance of braken fern in human carcinogenesis remains unproven. [Pg.481]

Blood and urine are most often analyzed for alcohol by headspace gas chromatography (qv) using an internal standard, eg, 1-propanol. Assays are straightforward and lend themselves to automation (see Automated instrumentation). Urine samples are collected as a voided specimen, ie, subjects must void their bladders, wait about 20 minutes, and then provide the urine sample. Voided urine samples provide the most accurate deterrnination of blood alcohol concentrations. Voided urine alcohol concentrations are divided by a factor of 1.3 to determine the equivalent blood alcohol concentration. The 1.3 value is used because urine has approximately one-third more water in it than blood and, at equiUbrium, there is about one-third more alcohol in the urine as in the blood. [Pg.486]

Theory and Equipment. Many diseases of the human body can be identified by visual appearance. Tumors in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, for example, possess a characteristic salmon pink color (3). The presence of such a color can be an indication of disease. Endoscopy is the medical imaging tool used to detect such colors in the inside of hoUow internal organs such as the rectum, urethra, urinary bladder, stomach, colon, etc. An endoscope is the instmment used to perform endoscopy. Endoscopic imaging involves the production of a tme color picture of the inside of the human body using lenses and either hoUow pipes, a fiber optic bundle, or a smaU CCD camera. AU three use a large field-of-view, sometimes referred to as a fish eye, lens to aUow a 180° field of view. [Pg.48]

CCK is found in the digestive tract and the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, CCK coexists with DA. In the peripheral nervous system, the two principal physiological actions of CCK are stimulation of gaU. bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. CCK also stimulates glucose and amino acid transport, protein and DNA synthesis, and pancreatic hormone secretion. In the CNS, CCK induces hypothermia, analgesia, hyperglycemia, stimulation of pituitary hormone release, and a decrease in exploratory behavior. The CCK family of neuropeptides has been impHcated in anxiety and panic disorders, psychoses, satiety, and gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretions. [Pg.539]

Three tachykinin GPCRs, NK, NK, and NK, have been identified and cloned. AH are coupled to phosphatidjhnositol hydrolysis. The NK receptor is selective for substance P (SP) and is relatively abundant in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral tissues. The NK receptor is selective for NKA and is present in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and adrenal gland but is low or absent in the CNS. The NIC receptor is selective for NKB and is present in low amounts in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, but is abundant in some areas of the CNS, ie, the spinal dorsal bom, soUtary nucleus, and laminae IV and V of the cortex with moderate amounts in the interpeduncular nucleus. Mismatches in the distribution of the tachykinins and tachykinin receptors suggest the possibility of additional tachykinin receptor subtypes. [Pg.576]

Fig. 1. Bone scan of a 75-year-old woman presented with acute onset of low back pain employing either Tc-medronate [25681-89-4] or Tc-oxidronate [14255-61-9]. The bone scan of (a) the anterior and (b) the posterior pelvis shows increased uptake in the region of the sacral bone (arrows). The bladder (arrowheads) is a normal route of tracer excretion and is also prominently identified in the image. Fig. 1. Bone scan of a 75-year-old woman presented with acute onset of low back pain employing either Tc-medronate [25681-89-4] or Tc-oxidronate [14255-61-9]. The bone scan of (a) the anterior and (b) the posterior pelvis shows increased uptake in the region of the sacral bone (arrows). The bladder (arrowheads) is a normal route of tracer excretion and is also prominently identified in the image.
Quinone dioximes, alkylphenol disulfides, and phenol—formaldehyde reaction products are used to cross-link halobutyl mbbers. In some cases, nonhalogenated butyl mbber can be cross-linked by these materials if there is some other source of halogen in the formulation. Alkylphenol disulfides are used in halobutyl innerliners for tires. Methylol phenol—formaldehyde resins are used for heat resistance in tire curing bladders. Bisphenols, accelerated by phosphonium salts, are used to cross-link fluorocarbon mbbers. [Pg.225]

Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber. Butyl mbber is made by the polymerization of isobutylene a small amount of isoprene is added to provide sites for curing. It is designated HR because of these monomers. Halogenation of butyl mbber with bromine or chlorine increases the reaction rate for vulcanization and laminates or blends of halobutyl are feasible for production of mbber goods. It is estimated that of the - 100 million kg of butyl (UR) and halobutyl (HIIR) mbber in North America, over 90% is used in tire apphcations. The halogenated polymer is used in the innerliner of tubeless tires. Butyl mbber is used to make innertubes and curing bladders. The two major suppHers of butyl and halobutyl polymers in North America are Exxon and Bayer (see ELASTOLffiRS,SYNTHETIC-BUTYLrubber). [Pg.232]

In 1969, a chronic toxicity study on a cyclamate saccharin (10 1) blend indicated bladder cancer problems in rats. Cyclamate was soon banned by the FDA, but saccharin remained an approved sweetener. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on saccharin because of the discovery of bladder tumors in some male rats fed with high doses of saccharin. Because no other nonnutritive sweetener was available at that time, the proposed ban faced strong opposition. [Pg.276]

The past experience of the dyestuff industry in its use of dye intermediates such as ( -naphthyl amine and benzidine (4), known human bladder carcinogens (334—343), have led to studies as to whether or not handlers of dyes are exposed to medical ha2ards such as cancer, dermatitis, and other disorders (344-360). [Pg.386]

Resin Cure. Resin cure systems yield carbon—carbon cross-links and, consequendy, thermally stable materials. Butyl mbber vulcanised with resins are used as tire-curing bladders, and have a life of 300—700 curing cycles at steam temperature of 175°C at about 20 m/cycle. [Pg.486]

In general, activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors causes a contraction of smooth muscle and of blood vessels, pilomotor muscles, dilator pupillae, vas deferens, nictitating membrane, splenic capsule, and sphincters of the intestine and urinary bladder and of the bile duct. An exception is the relaxation of the smooth muscle of the intestine. Prazosin [19216-56-9] indoramin [26844-12-2] and WB-4101 are relatively selective antagonists of these receptors. [Pg.358]

Uracil is used more effectively, in nucleic acid synthesis within a rat hepatoma than in normal liver. This observation appears to have stimulated the synthesis of 5-fluorouracil (1027) as an antimetabolite mainly because the introduction of a fluorine atom involves a minimal increase in size. In the event, 5-fluorouracil did prove to have antineoplastic activity and it is now a valuable drug for treatment of tumors of the breast, colon or rectum, and to a lesser extent, gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, uterine, ovarian and bladder carcinomas. As with other drugs which interfere with DNA synthesis, the therapeutic index is quite low and great care is required during treatment (69MI21301). [Pg.152]

The isothiazole ring does not occur in nature. By far the most important synthetic isothiazole derivative is saccharin. This was the first non-carbohydrate sweetening agent to be discovered, as long ago as 1879. It is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose, and is still used in many countries as a non-nutritive sweetener. After it was found that administration of massive doses to rats caused bladder cancer, its use was banned in the New World, but the controversy continues as to whether there is any danger when it is used in small quantity. Saccharin is also used as an additive in electroplating processes (73AHC(15)233). [Pg.173]


See other pages where Bladders is mentioned: [Pg.356]    [Pg.562]    [Pg.1]    [Pg.381]    [Pg.169]    [Pg.172]    [Pg.297]    [Pg.319]    [Pg.28]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.494]    [Pg.109]    [Pg.269]    [Pg.263]    [Pg.184]    [Pg.244]    [Pg.474]    [Pg.497]    [Pg.230]    [Pg.249]    [Pg.274]    [Pg.112]    [Pg.277]    [Pg.215]    [Pg.437]    [Pg.437]    [Pg.441]    [Pg.65]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.301]    [Pg.301]    [Pg.486]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.2 , Pg.191 , Pg.193 , Pg.195 , Pg.196 , Pg.204 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.74 , Pg.93 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.237 , Pg.396 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.316 , Pg.386 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.225 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.279 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.494 , Pg.495 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.94 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.611 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.168 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.241 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.326 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.121 , Pg.150 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.9 , Pg.99 , Pg.106 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.190 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.106 , Pg.110 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.577 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.103 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.14 , Pg.15 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.317 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.492 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.56 , Pg.58 , Pg.59 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.22 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.160 , Pg.172 , Pg.183 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.533 , Pg.614 , Pg.623 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.147 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.19 ]




SEARCH



2- Naphthylamine bladder cancer

Adenocarcinoma bladder

Adenocarcinoma urinary bladder

Adriamycin. bladder cancer

Bacille Calmette-Guerin-refractory urinary bladder carcinoma

Biomer bladder

Bladder Program

Bladder Replacement

Bladder abnormality

Bladder atonia

Bladder autonomic control

Bladder calcification

Bladder calculi

Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer aromatic amines

Bladder cancer chemoprevention

Bladder cancer deficiency

Bladder cancer drugs that cause

Bladder cancer epidemiology

Bladder cancer gemcitabine

Bladder cancer genetic factors

Bladder cancer in rat

Bladder cancer incidence

Bladder cancer markers

Bladder cancer mechanism

Bladder cancer transitional cell

Bladder cancer, chemical carcinogens

Bladder carcinogen

Bladder carcinoma, treatment

Bladder compliance

Bladder cyclophosphamide therapy

Bladder cystitis

Bladder diagnosis

Bladder differential diagnosis

Bladder diseases, cancer

Bladder disorders

Bladder diverticula

Bladder drainage

Bladder dysfunction

Bladder emptying

Bladder emptying incomplete

Bladder endometriosis

Bladder exstrophy

Bladder functional problems

Bladder hyperpolarization

Bladder hyperreflexia

Bladder hypertrophy

Bladder incontinence

Bladder infections

Bladder injury

Bladder irrigation

Bladder lesion

Bladder molding with RRTM

Bladder neck disruption

Bladder outcome

Bladder outflow obstruction

Bladder outlet obstruction

Bladder outlet resistance

Bladder overactivity

Bladder paralysis

Bladder pharmacologic therapy

Bladder physiology

Bladder pioglitazone

Bladder presses

Bladder rupture

Bladder saccharin-induced cancers

Bladder small-cell carcinoma

Bladder smooth muscle cells

Bladder spasms

Bladder stone

Bladder stones, remedies

Bladder strips

Bladder thickness index

Bladder tumor

Bladder tumor formation

Bladder tumor model

Bladder tumor-associated antigen

Bladder tumors in dogs

Bladder tumours

Bladder ulceration

Bladder underactivity

Bladder unstable

Bladder volume

Bladder wall thickness

Bladder wall thickness index

Bladder, autonomic regulation

Bladder, heat syndrome

Bladder, overactive incontinence

Bladder, pathophysiology

Bladder, structure

Bladder-cells

Bladder-filled vias

Bladder-filling pressure

Bladder-neck opening

Bladder-type accumulators

Bladders, overactive

Breast, lung, bladder, pancreas

Butyl bladders

Cancer bladder, treatment

Cancer of bladder

Cancer of the bladder

Cancer risk potential bladder

Carcinoma bladder

Carcinoma urinary bladder, small-cell

Cisplatin bladder cancer

Curing bladders

Expandable bladder

Fish swim bladders

Flounder urinary bladder

For bladder cancer

Gall bladder

Gall bladder contraction

Gall bladder disease

Gall bladder disorders

Gall bladder health

Gall bladder secretions

Human bladder carcinoma

Human bladder carcinoma cells, culture

Hyperactive bladder

In bladder tumor

Insulin bladder

Irritable bladder, syndrome

Kidney and Bladder, heat syndrome

Kidney bladder

Lazy bladder syndrome

Lipids Biomer bladders

Liver gall bladder

Membranes fish bladder

Methotrexate bladder cancer

Mouse, urinary bladder tumors

Multiple sclerosis bladder symptoms

Murine bladder tumor model

Mutations bladder cancer

Neurogenic bladder

Neurogenic bladder-sphincter

Neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction

Nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction

Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder

Opening of the bladder neck

Overactive bladder drug

Overactive bladder syndrome

Overactive urinary bladder

Ox bladder

Painful bladder syndromes

Photodynamic therapy bladder

Pioglitazone bladder cancer

Posterior bladder

Retinoids in urinary bladder cancer

Rubber bladders

Skin Integrity, Bowel and Bladder Care

Stones in the bladder

Studies on the Urinary Bladder and Internal Urethral Sphincter

Swim bladders

Tire-curing bladders

Toad urinary bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma bladder

Tumor markers bladder cancer

Tumors bladder cancer

URINARY TRACT CALCULI AND BLADDER TUMORS

Urinary bladder

Urinary bladder cancer

Urinary bladder carcinoma

Urinary bladder catheterization

Urinary bladder classification

Urinary bladder covered

Urinary bladder matrix

Urinary bladder neurogenic

Urinary bladder outcome

Urinary bladder stimulation

Urinary bladder tumors

Urination, overactive bladder

Urine bladder

Urine bladder cancer

Valves bladder

Vinblastine bladder cancer

Wide bladder neck anomaly

© 2024 chempedia.info