Bladder volume

Figure 2.1 shows the decrease in gall bladder volume when the dog was fed com oil or fed com oil and infused with the anli-CCK antibt>dy. The dog was fed com oil to provoke an increase in plasma CCK, but the antibody prevented the effect of the hormone, that is, prevented contraction of the gall bladder. This result strongly implicates CCK asa honnone that provokes the release of bile salts during feeding. An antibody used in this way is a powerful tool for proving that one specific hormone has a specific effect in the body. 

FIGURE 2.18 Gall bladder volume and plasma CCK after com oil feeding. The gall bladder volume ( ) decreased promptly after com oil feeding. Plasma CCK levels (A) increased from a basal level of 7 pM to about 20 pM with feeding. This result demonstrates an association with contraction of the gall bladder, but does not imply any causal effect. (Redrawn with permission from Shiratori et al, 1986.)... 

Optimal electrode positions to determine bladder volume by bioimpedance spectroscopy... 

ABSTRACT Continuous measurement of bladder volume is of great interest to patients with paraplegia. Since they lost the ability to percept bladder fullness and are unable to develop the urge to urinate, frequent self-catheterisation due to a fixed time scheme is necessary. Continuous, non-invasive measurement of bladder volume based on impedance measurements is a promising approach to advance from a fixed time scheme to a demand-driven self-catheterisation. In this work, the influence of electrode position on bladder volume measurement sensitivity is explored by finite element simulation. 

Keywords, bioimpedance, bladder volume, electrode position... 

All simulations have been performed for four different bladder volumes (51, 102, 153 and 205 ml) and for several shift positions. The frequency has been fixed to 5 kHz. 

Figure 4. Integrated sensitivity field depending on bladder volume and electrode position. 

M. Dicuio, G. Pomara, F. Menchini Fabris, V. Ales, C. Dahlstrand, and G. Moielli, Measurements of urinary bladder volume Comparison of five ultrasound calculation methods in volunteers, Arch Ital Urol Androl, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 60-62, 2005. 

C. Nwosu, K. Khan, P. Chien, and M. Honest, Is real-time ultrasonic bladder volume estimation reliable and valid A systematic overview, Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 325-330, 1998. 

W. Liao and F. Jaw, Noninvasive electrical impedance analysis to measure human urinary bladder volume, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. 37, pp. 1071-1075, 2011. 

C. Kim, T. Linsenmeyer, H. Kim, and H. Yoon, Bladder volume measurement with electrical impedance analysis in spinal cord-injured patients, American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 498-502, 1998. 

Ultrasonography showed a small bladder volume and wall thickening. CT scans showed marked generalized bladder wall thickening, mucosal enhancement, and perivesical inflammation ureteric wall thickening and enhancement were also observed. In advanced cases, CT scans and urography showed ureteric narrowing and strictures. 

Chamberlain PF, Manning FA, Morrison I et al (1984) Circadian rhythm in bladder volume in the term human fetus. Obstet Gynecol 64 657-660... 

Special attention must be paid to the critical assessment of adequate functional bladder capacity, since so-called covert instability manifests as significantly reduced bladder capacity. This means that after a short stable filling phase, the first unstable detrusor contraction is immediately transformed into a premature and forceful micturition contraction (Sillen et al. 1992). In this context it has to be taken into account that development of bladder volume in relation to age is not linear. There is a massive increase in bladder capacity after the 12th-18th month of life with a gain in perception and unconscious as well as conscious inhibition of detrusor contraction (Zerin et al. 1993). 

For the evaluation of children with symptoms of nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction by ultrasound, a careful examination of the urinary bladder has to be performed in particular. Not only structural abnormalities have to be searched for bladder wall thickness, bladder volume and residual urine volume after voiding have to be assessed. Similar as described before for the modified VCU technique, the bladder base and bladder neck respectively have to be observed carefully by ultrasound as well. A transient opening of the bladder neck together with uninhibitetd detrusor contractions with filling of the posterior urethra up to the con-... 

According to Leung et al. (2007) nomograms of total renal volume, urinary bladder volume index and bladder volume wall thickness index are described as useful indicators of bladder dysfunction in children with enuresis and urinary tract infection (Yeung et al. 2007). 

Bilharziasis or schistosomiasis determines extensive inflammatory granulomatous reaction in the urinary tract. Renal involvement is usually asymptomatic, whereas ureteral involvement determines obstructive uropathy. Calcified thickening of the bladder wall is typical, and the bladder volume is markedly reduced (Fig. 15.29). 

---