Rubber bladders

Materials Gas bag, 3.8 liter capacity (rubber bladder), with stopcock Rubber tubing of appropriate size Aluminium foil squares (10 x 10 cm)... 

A properly sized cuff (pediatric, small, regular, large, or extra large) should be used. Overestimating the actual BP can occur if the cuff is too small. The inflatable rubber bladder inside the cuff should encircle at least 80% of the arm, and the width of the cuff should be at least two-thirds the length of the upper arm. 

J = Evaporator with electric heater, llj= Column for separating SiFj and HF, III — Separation tube and packing, IF = Double condenser for BF, F = Feed ve.ssel for liquid BB j, with electric heater. VI = Ethylene condenser, 7II = Rubber bladder for pressure regulation, VIII — Storage vessel for liquid nir, IX = Auxiliary condenser... 

In the case of tanker trucks and railcar-mounted tanks, linings and corrosion allowances for internal corrosion are used. In the case of transportation of corrosive materials corrosion-resistant alloys are used. In extreme cases, rubber bladder tanks have been used on flat-bed trailers or railcars. External corrosion is controlled with coatings and designs that minimize crevices. One possible solution to minimize crevice corrosion is by placing a horizontal tank with a circular cross-section on legs, thus avoiding direct contact with other surfaces. 

Fig. 2.12 Pumping water into a vessel, in this case a rubber bladder, against the pressure within it. OmtainCTs of this kind, mostly of steel with a rubber membrane inside, serve as equalizing vessels in heating systems.

Contact-type balls, such as basketballs, volleyballs, and soccer balls, are filament wound. Although a totally random wind must be effected, it must be controlled because it is necessary to wind all over the ball, there is no way of holding onto it or driving it. The required controlled random pattern can be obtained by suspending the rubber bladder on an air column and changing product rotational speed and thereby direction of wind by air jetting the column. 

A very small amount of the total formaldehyde is used to make methylol-terminated phenol formaldehyde curing resins, usually used in rubber bladders for tire curing. 

Table 26 Model formulation of butyl rubber (bladder) application ...

Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber. Butyl mbber is made by the polymerization of isobutylene a small amount of isoprene is added to provide sites for curing. It is designated HR because of these monomers. Halogenation of butyl mbber with bromine or chlorine increases the reaction rate for vulcanization and laminates or blends of halobutyl are feasible for production of mbber goods. It is estimated that of the - 100 million kg of butyl (UR) and halobutyl (HIIR) mbber in North America, over 90% is used in tire apphcations. The halogenated polymer is used in the innerliner of tubeless tires. Butyl mbber is used to make innertubes and curing bladders. The two major suppHers of butyl and halobutyl polymers in North America are Exxon and Bayer (see ELASTOLffiRS,SYNTHETIC-BUTYLrubber). 

Note that diaphragm-type accumulators can be checked more easily and are more reliable than the less expensive bladder type. Here, a rubberized nylon diaphragm separates the nitrogen charge from the oil. An indicator rod protrudes into a transparent plastic dome and gives accurate, visual indication of tlie true volumes of nitrogen and lube oil. 

The main applications of butyl rubber are in wire and cable applications, inner tubes, inner liners in tubeless tyres, tyre curing bladders, and pharmaceutical closures, the latter utilising the low... 

PP/TTR-V consumer goods requiring low permeability to moisture, air and oxygen, competing with butyl rubber for example, inner tubes for bikes, bladders for balloons... 

No excess of bladder tumors was found in men with known exposures to PBNA at a rubber tire factory. From 1946 to 1970, there were 9 cases of bladder cancer among 4177 men vs. 10.0 expected of these 4177 workers, 3301 had known exposures to PBNA. These results contrast with those involving exposures before 1949, when workers at the factory also... 

An increased risk of death from bladder cancer (33 vs. 22.7 expected) was reported in 40,000 rubber and cable workers who had mixed exposures to many rubber additives, including PBNA, but not to known carcinogens. In contrast to this study, no significant increases in overall or site-specific cancer was detected in a cohort of 2410 rubber chemical manufacturing workers, who were employed at a factory in north Wales, United Kingdom, between 1955 and 1984. ... 

Irrigators are medicated solution used to treat urinary bladder, vagina and less often the nose infections. They are administered with a help of catheter (in bladder), vulcanite (for vagina) which are made up of thin, soft rubber or plastic tube. The nose irrigator is made up of glass. 

A bladder cancer incidence study was conducted among workers exposed to ortho-toluidine at a plant manufacturing rubber chemicals in New York State, United States. The study was initiated at the request of the union representing workers at the plant, who had noted a number of bladder cancers among workers in a department where an... 

Mortality associated with acrylonitrile exposure was evaluated as part of a study of 15 643 male workers in a rubber plant in the United States (Akron, Ohio) (Delzell Monson, 1982). Included in the analysis were 327 workers who were employed for at least two years in the plant between 1 January 1940 and 1 July 1971, and who had worked in two departments where acrylonitrile was used, i.e., 81 worked only in the nitrile rubber manufacturing operation where exposures to 1,3-butadiene (see this volume), styrene (lARC, 1994a) and vinylpyridine also occurred and 218 only in the department where the latex was coagulated and dried. [No information on levels of exposure to acrylonitrile was provided ] Mortality among these workers was assessed through 1 July 1978 and compared with age- and calendar-time-specific rates for white men in the United States. SMRs were 0.8 ( = 74 95% CI, 0.7-1.0) for all causes of death, 1.2 ( = 22 95% CI, 0.8-1.9) for all cancers combined, 1.5 ( = 9 95% CI, 0.7-2.9) for lung cancer, 4.0 ( = 2 95% CI, 0.5-14.5) for urinary bladder cancer and 2.3 ( = 4 95% CI, 0.6-5.8) for cancers of the lymphatic and haematopoietic system. SMRs for lung cancer by duration of employment were [1.0] (4 observed, 3.8 expected) [95% CI, 0.3-2.7] for < 5 years, and [3.3] (5 observed, 1.5 expected) [95% CI, 1.1-7.8] for 5-14 years. No case was observed with duration > 15 years. 

Tyres are normally cured in a modification of the compression mould where a bladder or an inflated airbag forces and holds the green rubber stock of the tyre against the mould surface during vulcanization. This force reproduces the design of the tyre tread and the heat from the steam is introduced into the bladder to effect the vulcanization. Small size rubber expansion joints used in piping systems are moulded by compression moulding... 

The bladder at last broke with a loud report.] Now, that was done entirely by the weight of the air pressing on it, and you can easily understand how that is. The particles that are piled up in the atmosphere stand upon each other, as these five cubes do. You can easily conceive that four of these five cubes are resting upon the bottom one, and if I take that away, the others will all sink down. So it is with the atmosphere the air that is above is sustained by the air that is beneath and when the air is pumped away from beneath them, the change occurs which you saw when I placed my hand on the air-pump, and which you saw in the case of the bladder, and which you shall see better here. I have tied over this jar a piece of sheet india-rubber, and I am now about to take away the air from the inside of the jar and if you will watch the india-rubber-which acts as a partition between the air below and the air above-you will see, when I pump, how the pressure shews itself. See where it is going to I can actually put my hand into the... 

A common form of electrodes in clinical use are the book electrodes for urinary bladder stimulation. The prototype was introduced in 1972 by G.S. Brindley [28] (Fig. 3) to contact the anterior sacral spinal roots. The devices consist of a silicone rubber block with four slots. In each slot, three platinum foil electrodes were embedded, each of which can be addressed independently. 

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