For bladder cancer

Sicmiarycki, )., Dewar, R., Nadon, L.., and Gerin, M. (1994). Occupational risk factors for bladder cancer Results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Am. J. Epide-miol. 140, 1061-1080. 

Kunze, E., Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Life style and occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Germany A case-control study, Cancer, 69, 1776, 1992. 

The utility of protein expression mapping using 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry has been demonstrated for several experimental systems. One application has been to assess the differences in protein expression between normal and cancerous cells. For example, expression mapping has been used to identify protein markers for bladder cancer (Ostergaard et al., 1999). This was accomplished by identifying proteins released into the urine of patients with and without bladder cancer using 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. 

Ward E, Halperin W, Thun M, et al Screening workers exposed to 4,4 methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) for bladder cancer by cytoscopy. 7 Occup Med 32 865-868, 1990... 

Stern FB, Murthy LI, Beaumont JJ, et al Notification and risk assessment for bladder cancer of a cohort exposed to aromatic amines. III. Mortality among workers exposed to aromatic amines in the last 3-naphthylamine manufacturing facility in the United States. Occup Med27-.495-500, 1985... 

TGFa-PE4o (TP40) Tissue growth factor-alpha (TGF-a) Binds to TGF receptors overexpressed on solid tumors PE40 is a binding-deficient variant of PE Cytotoxicity Evaluated in phase I testing for bladder cancer [106]... 

Branch RA, Chem HD, Adedoyin A, et al. The procarcinogen hypothesis for bladder cancer activities of individual drug metabolizing enzymes as risk factors. Pharmacogenetics 1995 5 S97-S102. 

Lokeshwar, V.B. et al., Tumor-associated hyaluronic acid a new sensitive and specific urine marker for bladder cancer, Cancer Res., 57, 773, 1997. 

Sanchez-Carbayo, Use of high-throughput DNA microarrays to identify biomarkers for bladder cancer, Clin. Chem., 49 23-31, 2003. 

Wang, H., Owens, C., Chandra, N., Conaway, M.R., Brautigan, D.L., and Theodorescu, D. (2010). Phosphorylation of RalB is important for bladder cancer cell growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 70 8760-8769. 

Ibrahiem, E. H. I., Nigam, V. N., Brailovsky, C. A., Madamas, R and Elhi-lali, M. (1983). Orthotopic implantation of primary (N-[4-(5-nitro-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide-induced bladder cancer in bladder submucosa an animal model for bladder cancer study. Cancer Res. 43, 617-622. 

Nonspecific stimulation of active immunity with vaccines, e.g. BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin ) instilled into the rurinary bladder for bladder cancer. More modem approaches involve the injection of tumour cells or tumour cell extracts combined with an immune stimulant such as BCG. 

Steg A, Leleu C, Debre B, Boccon-Gibod L, Sicard D. Systemic bacillus Cahnette-Guerin infection, BCGitis , in patients treated by intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1989 16(3) 161. ... 

Rawls WH, Lamm DL, Lowe BA, Crawford ED, Sarosdy MF, Montie JE, Grossman HB, Scardino PT. Fatal sepsis following intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin administration for bladder cancer. J Urol 1990 144(6) 1328-30. 

Price GE. Arthritis and iritis after BCG therapy for bladder cancer. J Rheumatol 1994 21(3) 564-5. 

Kageyama S, Isono T, Iwaki H, Wakabayashi Y, Okada Y, et al. Identification by proteomic analysis of cal-reticulin as a marker for bladder cancer and evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of its detection in urine. Clin Chem 2004 50 857-66. 

Zippe C, Pandrangi L, Agarwal A. NMP22 is a sensitive, cost-effective test in patients at risk for bladder cancer. J Urol 1999 161 62-5. 

Normal human urine contains both squamous cells from the distal urethra, and urothelial cells from the Uning of the bladder. The former ceU type may be further subdivided into glycogen-containing and glycogen-free squamous cells. Here, we aim to establish that IR spectral methods, followed by multivariate data analysis, can distinguish between these cells types. Our ultimate intention is to establish this methodology as a low-cost, automated test for bladder cancer. 

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