Stones in the bladder

Gravel root is much prescribed for cases of stone in the bladder and certain other troubles of the kidneys and urinary apparatus. A decoction of 1 ounce of the root to 1 pint (reduced from 1 1/2 pints) of water is made, and taken in wineglass doses. Gravel root is also met with in nervine formulae, in which its tonic properties are recognised. 

LAPIS EX CANCRO — is the Stone called Crab s Eye, which is white and round. It is said to be found in the stomach and intestines of hares, and is supposed to break up stone in the bladder. Some say that it is of a frigid and humid nature, others that it is dry. 

LAPIS EX PERCA — A Gem or Stone of the Perch. It is found in the head. There re generally two in one fish, and they are really very white Bones. Nothing is better for breaking up stone in the bladder, and it is therefore eagerly collected by fishermen. A certain part of the gut of the same fish possesses similar virtue. 

TARTARUS — is Calculus of Wine, called Wine-stone by similitude, the stone, or deposit, which cleaves to the sides of vessels. Paracelsus uses it for stone in the bladder or kidneys, or the albuminous deposit in the other members which causes gout. 

The herb is credited with anti-scorbutic properties. The herb is also used for bladder troubles, as it is supposed to pulverize the stones in the bladder [69]. The leaves are used in Japan as a salad. The roots are used in Indo-China countries for the preparation of gargles. 

Uee a (1843-1844) Observations and researches upon a new solvent for stone in the bladder. Pharm J Trans 3 71-74. 

CYSTON (India) - Complex therapy for stones in the bladder, crystallization, infection of the urethra, podagra. 

BLEMAREN (Germany) - for prophylactic and treatment of stones in the bladder. Burbling tablets. 

Black in his lectures said his experiments on lime and the alkalis were made as a result of trying to find a solvent which would dissolve the stone in the bladder without, like the caustic alkalis, destroying the substance of the bladder. Hales had been interested in this (see p. 121). There was a dispute... 

Crow, P. Wright, M. Persad, R. Kendall, C. 8c Stone, N. Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy to Provide a Real Time, Optical Method for Discrimination between Normal and Abnormal Tissue in the Bladder Eur. Urol. Suppl. 2002, 1, 80. 

Haematuria - may be caused by inflammation of the bladder or urethra due to cystitis but requires further investigation to exclude a kidney stone or a tumour in the bladder or kidney. 

A number of reports have suggested that high intakes of vitamin C are associated with increased excretion of oxalate however, much of the oxalate may be the result of nonenzymic formation from ascorbate under alkaline conditions, occurring either in the bladder or after collection, and thus not a risk factor for renal stone formation (Chalmers et al., 1986). Gerster (1997) suggested that people who are recurrent oxalate stone formers should, as a matter of pmdence, restrict their intake of vitamin C to 100 mg per day, but noted that the risk of stone formation in the population at large is inversely related to vitamin C intake. 

CACEDONIUM TARTARUM — Actually a species of Tartar, but used to signify an offending matter in the human body, which may apparently be either stone or sand in the bladder, or an albuminous concretion. 

Kidney stones are formed from deposits of salt and mineral crystals on the inner surface of the kidneys or in the bladder. Often this occurs when the urine is persistently either acidic or alkaline. Most kidney stones contain large amounts of calcium. They vary in size and may remain inside the kidney or dislodge and pass into the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. 

Calcium and oxalate arc closely associated with the fomiation of stones in the urinary tract. Kidney stones (renal calculi) and bladder stones are mineral deposits containing protein. They can have a diameter of a centimeter or greater. Most kidney stones (75%) are composed mainly of calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate with hydroxyapatite. Uric acid stones account for about 10% of stones xanthine stones are rare. Calcium containing kidney stones occur in fetem nations and affect about one person in 1000. The disease may occur in children, but typically occurs after rhe age of 30 and in men, Calcium biadder stones occur malniy in the children of underdeveloped countries, such as Thailand, and occur rarely in West em nations. Some kidney stones do not result in symptoms. Others may cause blood loss in the urine. Stones that obstruct the flow of urine from the kidney into the ureter result in violent pain, nausea, and vomiting. 

Levison DA, Crocker PR, Banim S, Wallace DMA. Silica stones in the urinary bladder. Lancet 1982 i 704—705. 

Over several years, uric acid crystals can build up in other tissues to form large deposits, called tophi, under the skin. Tophi are often found in or near severely affected joints, on or near the elbow, over the fingers and toes and in the outer edge of the ear. Uric acid crystals can form stones in the kidneys, in the ureters or in the bladder. 

Free cysteine occurs only in very low amounts in the blood. Most of the potential free cysteine occurs as cystine where the two SH groups are oxidized to a disulfide bond. This compound can be reduced to cysteine where and when needed. Normally, the kidney reabsorbs both cysteine and cystine. In the disease cystinuria, the transport of cystine into many cells is defective. This causes an increase in plasma cystine, resulting in a spillage of cystine in the urine. Cystine is rather insoluble and forms stones in the kidney, bladder, and ureter, which can be extremely painful. Cystine has a lower solubility as pH decreases. 

Studies in a London hospital indicate that approximately 55% of the stones are found in the kidney, 20% in the ureteral tract, 22% in the bladder, and less than 3% in the urethra. 

An excessive uptake in soluble silica by cattle, unaccompanied by enough water to remove if from e system, can lead to stones or calculi in the urinary tract (210, 211), esp ially if concentration in the urine exceeds 70-80 ppm (212). Similarly, dogs fed on a diet high in silicate bulking constituents developed siliceous stones in the kidneys, bladders, and urethras (213). 

In 1831, American physician Philip Syng Physick removed more than 1,000 stones from the bladder of John Marshall, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. The seventy-six-year-old Marshall recovered and returned to the bench. 

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