Cancer of the bladder

Quilty PM, Duncan W. Primary radical radiotherapy for T3 transitional cell cancer of the bladder an analysis of survival and control. IntJ Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1986 12 853-860. 

Morrison R. The results of the treatment of cancer of the bladder - a clinical contribution to radiobiology. Clin Radiol 1975 26 67-75. 

Vikram B, Malamud S, Silverman P, Hecht H, Grabstald H. A pilot study of chemotherapy alternating with twice-a-day accelerated radiation therapy as an alternative to cystectomy in muscle infiltrating (stages T2 and T3) cancer of the bladder preliminary results. J Urol 1994 151 602-604. 

Cisplatin (dx-Diamminedichloroplatinum) is a divalent water-soluble platinum containing complex. It reacts directly with DNA, resulting in both intra-and inter-strand cross-links. It also causes DNA breaks and it inhibits DNA replication and RNA transcription. A mechanism for the occurrence of resistance appears to be an increased of the levels of DNA-excision repair enzymes. Cisplatin is used in combination therapies with other anticancer drugs in the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers and it has also shown high activity against cancers of the bladder, head, neck and endometrium. It is administered intravenously by rapid injection or by continuous infusion. It is for more that 90% bound to... 

The methodological complexities inherent in epidemiological studies of human population exposed to multiple contaminants at low concentrations in drinking water make it virtually impossible to establish a causal link between THMs and an increased in cancer of the bladder or any other site. Small differences in cigarette consumption between two population groups could account for the observed associations. 

E. Boyland and D. C. Williams, The metabolism of tryptophan. 2. The metabolism of tryptophan in patients suffering from cancer of the bladder, Biochem. J., 64 (1956) 578-582. 

The presence of greater than normal amounts of thrombocytes in the circulation is known as thrombocytosis and along with reticulocytosis and leukocytosis is a manifestation of increased activity of the hematopoietic system. Zucker and Woodard (Z2) reported a series of 12 patients with thrombocytosis, consisting of two cases of polycythemia vera, three of essential thrombocytemia, three of chronic granulocytic leukemia, one myeloproliferative syndrome, one erythroleukemia, and one cancer of the bladder. The platelet counts ranged from 685 X 10 to 2500 X 10 per cubic millimeter, all much above the upper limit of normal. 

Chronic systemic toxicity Repeated and prolonged exposure to PPD is believed to increase the risk of non-Hodgkin s lymphomas and multiple myeloma and cancer of the bladder [31-32]. Hair dye formulations containing PPD was incriminated in the increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and breast cancer, however other studies, showed that there is no significant relationship [33-34]. Aplastic anemia due to PPD exposure also has been reported [35]. 

Cisplatin, in combination with bleomycin, etoposide, ifosfamide, or vinblastine, cures 90% of patients with testicular cancer. Used with paclitaxel, cisplatin induces complete response in most patients with carcinoma of the ovary. Cisplatin produces responses in cancers of the bladder, head and neck, cervix, and endometrium all forms of carcinoma of the lung anal and rectal carcinomas and neoplasms of childhood. The drug sensitizes cells to radiation therapy and enhances control of locally advanced lung, esophageal, and head and neck tumors when given with irradiation. 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS confirmed human carcinogen prolonged exposure may produce tumors and cancers of the bladder human mutation data has been reported extremely hazardous to contact in anyway. 

Physiological.—Hydrogen sulfid is produced in the intestine by the decomposition of albuminous substances or of tanrochloric acid it also occurs sometimes in abscesses, and in the urine in tuberculosis, variola, and cancer of the bladder. It may also reach the bladder by diffusion from the rectum. 

Clinical results for Lutrin have been published for locally recurrent breast cancer after unsuccessful radiotherapy or chemotherapy [72]. Lutrin has also been selected by the National Cancer Institute for trials in primary cancers of the bladder, oesophagus, head and neck, and ovaries. 

Clinical use Cisplatin is commonly used as a component of regimens for testicular carcinoma and for cancers of the bladder, lung, and ovary. Carboplatin has similar uses. 

TO Eyes, skin, resp sys, CNS, liver, kidneys [in animals cancer of the bladder, liver, lung S forestomach] ... 

Exposure to amines and related compounds has large impact on human health workers exposed to benzidine and naphthylaanine have developed cancer of the bladder [12,13] the Food and Drug Administration (F.O.A.) has found that aromatic amines [14] and nitroaromatics [15] can enter the food chain. In addition, many degradation products from nitroaromatics are easily polymerized, in presence of oxygen, to persistent macromolecules [16]. The wide distribution of these compounds in the environment, coupled with their toxicity, has given rise to concern about their environmental fate. 

All chemicals however absorbed may find their way into the blood stream and be carried to the liver. This organ renders many potentially harmful substances less dangerous by changing their chemical configuration. Occasionally, some substances are made more toxic, e.g. cancer of the bladder arising from exposure to P-naphthylamine. 

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