In bladder tumor

Y.L. Chung, H. Troy, I.R. Judson, R. Leek, M.O. Leach, M. Stubbs, A.L. Harris, J.R. Griffiths, Noninvasive measurements of capecitabine metabolism in bladder tumors overexpressing thymidine phosphorylase by fluorine-19 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Clin. Cancer Res. 10 (2004) 3863-3870. 

Chen CC, Shieh B, Jin YT, Liau YE, Huang CH, Liou JT, Wu LW, Huang W, Young KC, Lai MD, Liu HS, Li C. 2001. Microarray profiling of gene expression patterns in bladder tumor cells treated with genistein. J Biomed Sci 8 214-222. 

Breathing the dust or its absorption through the skin may result in bladder tumors.1-3 LD50 (oral, rat) 309 mg/kg LD50 (oral, mouse) 214 mg/kg.2 Exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to the lowest possible levels.4... 

McShane LM, Aamodt R, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Reproducibility of p53 immunohistochemistry in bladder tumors. National Cancer Institute, Bladder Tumor Marker Network. Clin Cancer Rcs.2000 6 1854. 

For example, the pesticide fosetyl al (Aliette) is a fungicide proposed for use on hops. Many fungicides have been shown to induce tumors in animals and are considered to present oncogenic risks to humans. Aliette caused an increase in bladder tumors in rats, but only at very high dose levels (40,000 ppm). Aliette was classified as a group C carcinogen, and a quantitative risk estimate demonstrated upper-bound worst-case risks were less than one in one hundred million. 

Thiotepa, an alkylating agent with antineoplastic properties, is indicated in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer, Hodgkin s disease, lymphomas, and in bladder tumor and neoplastic effusions. 

Shibata, A., PF. Ohneseit, Y.C. Tsai, C.H. Spruck, III, PW. Nichols, H.S. Chiang et al. (1994). Mutational spectrum in the p53 gene in bladder tumors from the endemic area of black foot disease in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis 15, 1085-1087. 

In 1969, a chronic toxicity study on a cyclamate saccharin (10 1) blend indicated bladder cancer problems in rats. Cyclamate was soon banned by the FDA, but saccharin remained an approved sweetener. In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on saccharin because of the discovery of bladder tumors in some male rats fed with high doses of saccharin. Because no other nonnutritive sweetener was available at that time, the proposed ban faced strong opposition. 

Pulciani S, Santos E, Lauver AV, et al. 1982b. Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines. Molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 2845-2849. 

Chronic animal studies of organophosphates are few in number, but those that do exist provide a useful base from which to draw toxicological insight. In rats and mice exposed orally to tricresyl phosphate for 2 years, endocrine effects were found in a dose-response pattern and hepatic effects were found. Ovarian interstitial hyperplasia was also observed but was not dose related. No chronic-duration MRLs could be derived because of the limited number of studies. Tricresyl phosphate, a component of certain hydraulic fluids, produced no evidence of carcinogenic activity in assays with rats and mice (NTP 1994). However, another component, tributyl phosphate, was associated with an increased incidence of bladder tumors in rats and mice (FMC 1994a, 1994b). 

It is recommended that daily saccharin intake be maintained below 1 g because of a risk of bladder cancer. A lifetime daily diet containing 5-7.5% saccharin has induced bladder tumors in rats [69]. However, it is probable that saccharin is only a very weak carcinogen in humans. The amount contained in pharmaceutical preparations is well below the recommended maximum human daily intake. 

Bladder tumor-associated antigen (BTA), a human complement factor H, is produced by bladder cancer cells (men two to three times as often as women). Cancer cells are sometimes seen in urine samples by microscope cytoscopy (examination of the bladder with an instrument inserted into the urethra), which can reveal abnormal areas. Biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Early stage cancer confined to the bladder wall can often be removed with a cytoscope. If several tumors are present, they are removed by infusing the bladder with a solution containing bacteria able to stimulate the immune system. 

The most common BTA test is an immunoassay-based assay that uses monoclonal antibodies to detect the presence of bladder tumor-associated antigen in urine. In clinical studies, the BTA test was compared with cytoscopy-voided urine for the detection of recurrent bladder cancer. The sensitivity of BTA appeared su-... 

The answer is i. (Katzwng, p 984.) Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine is a nonspecific stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system. It is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium fruvis that appears most effective in small, localized bladder tumors. This agent is approved for intravesicular use in bladder cancer. Adverse reactions are associated with the renal system, such as problems with urination, infection, and cystitis. 

Historically, bladder tumors have been associated with exposures in the aniline dye industry. However, conclusive evidence for any one particular exposure could not be obtained in these studies since the workers were exposed to many chemicals within the same work area. For example, Case et al. (1954) investigated the incidence of bladder tumors among British workers in the chemical dye industry. In addition to aniline, the workers were exposed to other aromatic amines, including a- and P-naphthylamine, benzidine, and auramine. Although exposures could not be quantified, there was insufficient evidence to suggest that aniline was a cause of bladder cancers. More recent studies indicate that P-naphthylamine, 4-aminodiphenyl, 4-nitrodiphenyl, 4,4-diaminodiphenyl, or o-toluidine may be involved in increased cancers in the dye industry (Ward et al. 1991 Benya and Cornish 1994). 

Antibiotic prophylaxis is warranted in high-risk patients (e.g., prolonged indwelling catheterization, positive urine cultures, and neutropenia) undergoing transurethral, perineal, or suprapubic resection of the prostate, resection of bladder tumors, or cystoscopy. 

Haaff, E.O., Caralona, W.J., and Ratliff, T.L., Detection of interleukin-2 in the urine of patients with superficial bladder tumors after treatment with intravesical BCG, J. Urol., 136, 970, 1986. 

Table 6.2 Dose-response relationship for saccharin-induced bladder tumors in rats...

Expressed as concentration of saccharin in diets of test animals (per cent of diet). Number of animals diagnosed with bladder tumors after a lifetime of exposure, with exposures beginning in utero. 

---