Bladder Replacement

Gemcitabine Nucleoside analog Pancreatic, lung, ovarian, breast, bladder Replaces cytidine during Maculop. rash DNA replication acral eryfliema Pr bullous dermatitis SJS TEN Vase St Fever flu-like symptoms hypersensitivity pn diarrhea cytopenias ... 

Probst, M., R. Dahiya, S. Carrier, and E. A. Tanagho. 1997a. Reproduction of functional smooth muscle tissue and partial bladder replacement. Br J Urol 79 505-515. 

Zhang, Y, D. Frimberger, E. Y. Cheng, H. K. Lin, and B. P Kropp. 2006. Challenges in a larger bladder replacement with cell-seeded and unseeded small intestinal submucosa grafts in a subtotal cystectomy model. BJU Int 98 1100-1105. 

Generally replaced by the aminoglycosides or extended-spectrum penicillins for serious infections still used for bladder irrigation and gut decontamination used in combination wit hot her antibiotics and/or corticosteroids topically to treat infections of the eye and skin... 

Xylitol is as sweet as sucrose and has been used as a food additive. Because it does not induce formation of dental plaque, it is used as a replacement for sucrose in chewing gum. It appeared to be an ideal sugar substitute for diabetics. However, despite the fact that it is already naturally present in the body, ingestion of large amounts of xylitol causes bladder tumors as well as oxalate stones in rats and mice. Its use has, therefore, been largely discontinued. A possible source of the problem may lie in the conversion by fructokinase of some of the xylitol to D-xylulose 1 -P, which can be cleaved by the xylulose 1-P aldolase to dihydroxy acetone P and glycolaldehyde. 

Bethanechol [be THAN e kole] is structurally related to acetylcholine the acetate is replaced by carbamate and the choline is methylated (see Figure 4.5). Hence, it is not hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase, although it is inactivated through hydrolysis by other esterases. It has little or no nicotinic actions but does have strong muscarinic activity. Its major actions are on the smooth musculature of the bladder and gastrointestinal tract. It has a duration of action of about 1 hour. 

Children with special health care needs will require additional considerations during mass casualty or disaster care. These considerations include decontamination procedures following radiation or chemical exposure for children using wheelchairs, ventilators, or oxygen and decontamination procedures for children with gastrostomy tubes, tracheostomy tubes, indwelling bladder catheters, and indwelling central venous catheters. Replacement supplies would be needed once the cutaneous decontamination is completed. Such supplies may not be readily available, so provisions must be made to secure these items or to have comparable clean or sterile supplies on hand. 

Piroxicam (84, Feldene in the US), a non-selective COX inhibitor with both analgesic and antipyretic properties, is one of the most used NSAIDs and serves as prototype of the oxicam family. This drug is utilized to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, menstrual pains or cramps and fever. It is also used in veterinary medicine to treat certain neoplasias expressing COX receptors, such as bladder, colon and prostate cancers. Variation on the structure of piroxicam has produced several other analogues with the benzene ring replaced by a thiophene ring and/or derivatives of the amide moiety, including meloxicam (85, a thiazole amide), isoxicam (86, an isoxazole amide), tenoxicam (87a, a thiophene derivative) and lornoxicam (87b, a chlorothiophene derivative). 

Isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride is used commonly as an intraoperative intravenous (i.v.) replacement fluid in species other than the horse. Isotonic sodium chloride has a higher ratio of chloride to sodium than plasma and, therefore, reduces the strong ion difference and causes mild hyperchloremic acidosis in normal ponies (Gossett et al 1990a). This limits its utility as a resuscitation fluid in the horse, as most horses requiring fluid resuscitation already have acidosis. Isotonic sodium chloride should not be used for resuscitation unless indicated by measured electrolyte abnormalities. A possible exception is in foals with ruptured bladders, which are highly likely to be hypochloremic, hyponatremic and hyperkalemic. 

A recent patent [26] describes compounds of the pinacidil 9 series where the cyanoguanidine segment has been replaced by the diamino-cyclobutenedione group. Thus compound 29, is the most potent (IC5o=0.52 fiM) of the compounds tested for their ability to inhibit 15 mM KCl-induced contractions in rat isolated bladder strips. Reports of the cardiovascular profile of this compound are awaited with interest to determine whether it has sufficient selectivity for potential in the treatment of urinary incontinence. 

Miscellaneous. Many other organs sometimes become diseased or defective, and some artificial device has been used to replace them. For example, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has often been replaced, totally or partially, by some type of plastic tubing. Such a prosthesis does not perform the normal GI tract functions but merely connects existent, nondiseased tubular parts in the body. Many materials have been used such as polyamides, polyesters, polysilicones, and polyethylene. In a similar manner, various ducts have been replaced by plastic tubing. Finally, the bladder, trachea, ureter, and similar organs have been replaced by nonfunctional plastic tubing (]J. 

When ammonia is found in biological materials at physiological pH (7.2), most of it (99%) will be found as ammonium ion, due to its pK of 9.2. This is an important consideration for any subsequent analysis. The determination of ammonia (as dissolved NH3 and ammonium ion) in blood, plasma, or semm is of value in detecting existing or impending hepatic coma and Reyes Syndrome (Meyerhoff and Robins 1980 Tietz 1970). The determination of ammonia in urine had historically been used as an indicator of the kidney s ability to produce ammonia however, this procedure has been replaced by more modem and accurate tests for kidney function. Procedures for the determination of ammonia in biological samples are found in Table 7-1. Ammonia is also tested for in calculi (abnormal concretions in the body formed of mineral deposits, often found in the gall bladder, kidney, or bladder) (Tietz 1970) however, this is not a quantitative test and is not included in Table 7-1. 

The problem of bladder cancer in industry was identified following the clinical observation of an increased incidence of the disease in workers in particular industries. Further enquiry established that the affected workers were located in parts of the factory where exposure to a particular class of chemical occurred [7]. In due course, in this case some 60 years, these observations were confirmed and amplified by an epidemiological study showing that in the British chemical industry a high incidence of bladder tumors had developed in men exposed to benzidine, replacing suspicion by statistically significant evidence[9]. 

On the other hand, ER0 is expressed prominently, in testicular tissue, secretory epithelial cells of the prostate, in the vascular system and, apparently, in breast tumour cells. ER0 is also found in brain, bone, bladder and vascular epithelia, which have been seen responsive to classical hormone replacement therapy [59, 60, 61],... 

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