Bladder, structure

Also, triazoles (triadimefon, penconazole, propiconazole, and myclo-butanyl structures are reported in Fig. 9.1) are fungicides widely employed in viticulture to control powdery mildew, molds, and other fungal pathogens. These compounds are classified as acutely toxic. They may affect liver functionality, decrease kidney weights, alter urinary bladder structure, and have acute effects on the central nervous system (Briggs, 1992). Due to their persistence, they may be present in fruit juices and wines. The Italian law fixed their LODs in wine between 100 and 500pg/kg. 

Levy BJ, Wight TN (1995) The role of proteoglycans in bladder structure and function. AdvExp Med Biol 385 191-203... 

Because of die wide distribution of parasympadietic nerves, tiiese drugs affect many organs and structures of die body, including the eyes, die respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the heart, and the bladder (see Display 25-1). 

This chapter discusses drug s used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and certain miscellaneous drag > used to relieve the symptoms associated with an overactive bladder (involuntary contractions of the detrusor or bladder muscle). Structures of the urinary system that may be affected include the bladder (cystitis), prostate gland (prostatitis), the kidney, or the urethra (see Pig. 47-1). These drug s also help control the discomfort associated with irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infection, trauma, surgery, and endoscopic procedures. 

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one or more structures of the urinary tract. The most common structure affected is the bladder, with the urethra, prostate, and kidney also affected (see Pig. 47-1). Display 47-1 identifies the disorder most frequently associated with each of these structures within the urinary system. Clinical manifestations of a UTI of the bladder (cystitis) include urgency, frequency, burning and pain on urination, and pain caused by spasm in the region of the bladder and the suprapubic area. 

Fig. 5 Polypeptide vesicles demonstrate the ability to utilize the EPR effect, (a) Chemical structure of the amphiphilic block polypeptide PSar-b-PMLG. (b) Fluorescence image using fluorescently labeled PEG. Fluorescence is not observed in the cancer site although accumulation is observed in the bladder, (c) Fluorescence image using ICG-labeled vesicles, showing evidence of vesicle accumulation due to the EPR effect. Adapted from [41] with permission. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society...

Some agonists, such as methacholine, carbachol and bethanecol are structurally very similar to ACh (Fig. 6.6). They are all more resistant to attack by cholinesterase than ACh and so longer acting, especially the non-acetylated carbamyl derivatives carbachol and bethanecol. Carbachol retains both nicotinic and muscarinic effects but the presence of a methyl (CH3) group on the p carbon of choline, as in methacholine and bethanecol, restricts activity to muscarinic receptors. Being charged lipophobic compounds they do not enter the CNS but produce powerful peripheral parasympathetic effects which are occasionally used clinically, i.e. to stimulate the gut or bladder. 

Urinary incontinence can result from abnormalities within (intrinsic to) and outside of (extrinsic to) the urinary tract. Within the urinary tract, abnormalities may occur in the urethra (including the bladder outlet and urinary sphincters), the bladder, or a combination of both structures. Focusing on abnormalities in these two structures, a simple classification scheme emerges for all but the rarest intrinsic causes of UI. Accurate diagnosis and classification of UI type is critical to the selection of appropriate drug therapy. 

Retroperitoneal fibrosis An accumulation of fibrotic tissues in the retroperitoneum (the anatomic space behind the abdominal cavity). Structures that lie behind the peritoneum are thus termed retroperitoneal. These structures include kidneys, the bladder, portions of the duodenum, portions of the colon, and the inferior vena cava. 

Fig. 4. Photoactive Pt(IV)-iodido complexes, (a) Molecular structures of complexes 1-3 (b) influence of visible light on CT DNA binding of 2 and cytotoxicity of 2 against a TCCSUP human bladder cell line (data from Ref. (23)) (c) NMR studies showed that photosubstitution precedes photoreduction in the reaction of 2 with 5 -GMP upon irradiation Ref. (25).

The goal of treatment of SUI is to improve urethral closure by stimulating a-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the bladder neck and proximal urethra, enhancing supportive structures underlying the urethral epithelium, or enhancing serotonin and norepinephrine effects in the micturition reflex pathways. 

Further modifications of the CAAX tetrapeptide structure led to inhibitor 3 which blocked H-Ras farnesylation with an IC50 of 11 nmol/1 [23]. Tumor cell lines expressing mutant H- and N-Ras were most sensitive against this compound that inhibits tumor growth of EJ-1 human bladder carcinomas by about... 

Collier et al. (10) demonstrated that HPLC was an effective technique for the separation of aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in exposed marine organisms. Radioactive bioconversion products were studied in liver and gall bladder of coho salmon dosed with H-naphthalene. Quantitative identifications of glucuronide, sulphate, dihydrodiol, glycoside, and 1-naphthol derivatives were obtained. Three additional polar compounds of unknown structure were found. A typical HPLC profile is shown in Figure 2. 

E. Yamada. The fine structure of the gall bladder epithelium of the mouse. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1 445-448 (1955). 

This is an unusual drug in that it contains a metal atom, platinum (Pt) in this case. Cisplatin reacts with DNA to cross-link bases, disrupting normal DNA structure and function. This agent has found broad use in cancer chemotherapy, including efficacy in tumors of the testis, ovary, bladder, head and neck, thyroid, cervix, and endometrium. It is also active against neuroblastoma and osteogenic sarcoma. 

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