Gall bladder disease

In several regions of Belorussia [A105], a correlation was observed between liver and gall bladder disease among people using pesticides at work, and the pesticide exposure of a given territory. Statistically, this correlation became apparent at levels of pesticide exposure of 2 kg/h and higher. 

M15. Mossberg, S. M., Bloom, P., Berkowitz, J., and Ross, G., Serum enzyme activities following morphine A study of transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels in normal peraons and those with gall bladder disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 109, 429-437 (1962). 

Obesity plays significant role in the pathogenesis of a number of physical conditions (Lawrence and Kopelman 2004). These include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, some forms of cancer, gall bladder disease, respiratory disease, and osteoarthritis. In addition, being obese can lead to profound psychological disturbances and can have a major impact on social relationships and employment prospects. 

Congestive heart failure Hypertension Deep vein thrombosis Coronary artery disease Stroke Diabetes Insulin resistance Glucocorticoid imbalance Gall bladder disease Hypercholesterolemia Hypertriglyceridemia Gout Pancreatitis Liver disease Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Bone fractures Lower back pain Carpal tunnel syndrome Depression Pain... 

Gastroenterology. The study of the gastrointestinal organs and diseases that relate to them. This includes any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus, liver, biliary tract, and the pancreas. Studies in this area include constipation, Crohn s disease, diarrhea, gall bladder disease, heartburn, hemorrhoids, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), ulcers, liver disease, stomach cancer, and others. 

Effective for 3 months Can be considered for use in women who have seizure disorders, diabetes, hypertension, gall bladder disease, history of cardiovascular or thromboembolic disease and in women who are smokers or lactating Effects quickly reversible Less menstrual cramping and mittelschmerz pain Less menstrual irregularity than other injectable or implantable methods... 

Oral contraceptives and gall bladder disease posed a difficult problem, since early studies inconsistently demonstrated the association between the drug and the event. There is a high incidence of gall bladder disease in the USA and approximately 445 000 cholecystectomies are performed each year. In order to clarify the association or lack thereof, Strom et al (1986) conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Medicaid billing data from Michigan and Minnesota. Based on data from approximately 1.5 million individuals, a relative risk of... 

Strom BE, Tamragouri RN, Morse ML et al (1986) Oral contraceptives and other risk factors for gall bladder disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39 335. 

Despite these seemingly favourable results, the UK manufacturers of ezetimibe state that the safety of eombined use with fibrates is not yet established. This is because both fibrates and ezetimibe increase cholesterol excretion into the bile, which could promote the production of gallstones. They say that if gallstones or gall bladder disease is suspected then the combination should be discontinued. 

Traditional use In Tibetan, Chinese, Mongolian, Indian and Central Asian folk medicine an infusion and decoction of this plant is used as an anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and is used to treat wounds, gastritis, dysenteria, diarrhea, coUtis, gas-tralgia, tuberculosis, respiratory infections, pertnssis, and toothaches. An infusion of the leaves and inflorescences is used as a choleretic and to treat gall bladder diseases (Minayeva 1991). 

Documented effects Preparations such as Karsil, Legalon, and Silimarin are used in modem medicine to restore liver man-branes and to treat bile-duct and gall-bladder diseases (Gammerman et al. 1990). A variety of experiments have shown that silymarin increases liver regeneration after damage caused by liver diseases. Similar effects were found in kidney cells in vitro (Sonnenbichler et al. 1999). 

Traditional use A decoction of the herb is used to treat neurosis and epilepsy, as a diuretic to treat kidney stones, and gout and swelling due to kidney and heart problems. It is used externally to treat throat diseases, neuralgia of facial nerves, in a bath to treat hemorrhoids, scrofula, and rickets, and as a compress or lotion to heal wounds and treat eye diseases. A decoction of the roots and leaves is used to treat diarrhea. An infusion and decoction of the leaves and flowers is used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, demulcent and coating to treat acute respiratory diseases, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, gastritis and liver and gall bladder diseases (Plant Resources of the USSR 1990). 

Caloric overnutrition is an extremely important problem in many parts of the world. The many hazards of obesity have been well documented by Armstrong. Obesity is associated with an increase in mortality rate and an increase in the incidence of a number of diseases, namely, hypertension, atherosclerosis, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, gall bladder disease, and even neoplasia. Possible relationships between fat metabolism and diseases of the blood vessels will be discussed in a subsequent section. In most instances, obesity is the result of simple overeating, the caloric intake being greater than the energy expenditure. It is related only rarely to disease of the endocrine glands. 

Modified Diets and Dietetic Foods. Some people may need to follow diets that restrict certain foods as part of the overall therapy for one or more conditions such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, gall bladder disease, gout, heart disease, high blood fats, high blood pressure, or obesity. The percentages of adults on the most common types of modified diets are shown in Fig. A-12 However, one should not undertake to follow such a diet without the advice of a doctor or a dietitian. 

Decreased life expectancy is not the only medical disadvantage of overweight. Obese people are more likely to develop diabetes mellitus, gall-bladder disease, some forms of cardiovascular disease, and arthritis of weight-bearing joints. If they require surgery they present considerable problems to both the anaesthetist and surgeon. Since obesity is not one of the conditions coded in death certificates it is impossible to provide accurate data about the contribution of obesity to death and ill-health in the community, but there is no doubt that it is a major factor. 

The patients have either complained of right upper quadrant abdominal pain simulating gall bladder disease or their doctors have found an abdominal mass below the right arcus. Some have been acutely ill with severe abdominal pain and shock. In these women laparotomy has shown haemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity. Some of these cases have been fatal (46, 47 -, 48 52, 59C, 6QC, 73C). 

Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme (1973) Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolie disease, surgically confirmed gall bladder disease, and breast tumors. Lancet, 1. 1399. 

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