Bladder cancer epidemiology

Wang Y, Herron N (1991) Nanometer-sized semiconductor clusters material synthesis, quantum size effects, and photophysical properties. J Phys Chem 95 525-532 Ward MH, Cantor KP, Riley D, Merkle S, Lynch CF (2003) Nitrate in public water supplies and risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology 14 183-190 Ward MH, Mark SD, Cantor KP, Weisenburger DD, Correa-VUlasenore A, Zahm SH (1996) Drinking water and the risk of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. Epidemiology 7 465 71 Warheit DB (2004) Nanoparticles health impacts Mater Today 7 32-35... 

With aromatic amines such as benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl and 2-aminonaphthalene, which cause bladder cancer, epidemiological evidence suggests that those with the slow acetylator phenotype who have occupational exposure are more at risk. In contrast, with the heterocyclic amines produced in food by cooking, such as PhIP, which cause colon cancer, it seems from similar evidence that fast acetylators are more at risk. 

Ferreccio C, Yuan Y, CaUe J, Benitez H, Parra RL, Acevedo J, et al. Arsenic, tobacco smoke, and occupation associations of multiple agents with lung and bladder cancer. Epidemiology 2013 24(6) 898-905. 

Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Hildesheim ME, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M, Craun G (1998) Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts 1. Risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology 9(l) 21-28... 

Carotenoids and urino-digestive cancers — On the whole, findings from epidemiological studies did not demonstrate a protective role of carotenoids against colorectal, gastric, and bladder cancers. Indeed, most prospective and case-control studies of colorectal cancer showed no association with dietary intake or plasma level of most carotenoids. - Only lycopene and lutein were shown to be protective against colorectal cancer. Otherwise, findings from the ATBC study s showed no effect of P-carotene supplementation on colorectal cancer. 

Wynder, E. L., Goldsmith, R., The epidemiology of bladder cancer-A second look, Cancer, 40, 1246, 1977. 

Akdas, A., Kirkali, Z., Bilir, N. Epidemiological case-control study on the etiology of bladder cancer in Turkey. Eur Urol, 17, 23, 1990. 

Cancer. No studies were available regarding eaneer in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to chloroform. Epidemiology studies suggest an association between chronic exposure to chlorinated drinking-water sources and increased incidences of colon cancer (Young et al. 1981), pancreatic cancer (Ijsselmuiden et al. 1982) and bladder cancer (Cantor et al. 1978 McGeehin et al. 1993 Zierler et al. 

McGeehin MA, Reif JS, Becher JC, et al. 1993. Case control study of bladder cancer and water disinfection methods in Colorado. American Journal of Epidemiology 138(7) 493-501. 

Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Cordier S, Jaakkola JJK, King WD, Lynch CF, Porru S, Kogevinas M (2004) Disinfection byproducts and bladder cancer a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 15(3) 357-367... 

An epidemiological study of workers potentially exposed to MDA (and numerous other agents) in the helicopter parts manufacturing industry showed limited evidence of an association between MDA and bladder cancer, colon cancer, lymphosarcoma, and reticulosar-coma." A follow-up of 10 workers who had significant exposure to MDA between 1967 and 1976 revealed one case of a pathologically... 

But, given that not all bladder cancer victims smoke, work with dyes, or operate drill presses, where could the carcinogens be coming from Chlorine-treated drinking water is a possibility. Epidemiological surveys have revealed that people who drink surface water treated with chlorine are more likely to develop bladder cancer. How much more likely Estimates are that in North America we can link roughly 4,500 cases of bladder cancer annually to chlorinated water. To put this into more understandable terms, about ten out of every thousand men who do not drink chlorinated water will develop bladder cancer if they live to be seventy, while thirteen will do so if they drink chlorinated water for thirty-five years. This, of course, assumes that those who don t drink chlorinated water are consuming water that has been purified by some other technique, an option not available to most people. 

In 1980, the NAS (38) reported that a review of 10 epidemiological studies failed to support or refute the results of the positive animal bioassays. This report suggested that chloroform may cause cancer in humans. The NAS stated that any association between THMs and bladder cancer was small and had a large margin of error both because of statistical variance and the nature of the studies that had been conducted. The NAS reached the following conclusion (38) ... 

Saccharin is noncaloric and noncariogenic (2,3). The safety of saccharin for public health has been the center of several controversies. In 1970, saccharin at high dietary levels was observed to increase the incidence of urinary bladder cancer in experimental rats (1,59). However, extensive human epidemiological investigations showed that use of saccharin does not significantly increase the risk of bladder cancer (5,7,11,59). Saccharin is approved for use in several countries. Its use is not permitted in Canada, and a health warning on the label of saccharin-containing foods is required in the United States (7,8,10). 

Cuzick, J., Sasieni, P. and Evans, S. (1992) Ingested arsenic, keratoses, and bladder cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136(4), 417-21. 

Hopenhayn-Rich, C., Biggs, M.L., Fuchs, A. et al. (1996) Bladder cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Argentina. Epidemiology, 7(2), 117-24. 

In 2004 another epidemiological study was undertaken of 459 cases of bladder cancer in New Hampshire, U S A, by the Dartmouth Medical School at Lebanon, and they were matched against 665 people who did not have the disease. This study found that men who used hair dye were less likely to suffer bladder cancer, whereas for women there was a slightly higher risk, although in both cases the observations were not statistically significant. Another survey, this time of more than half a million women, and carried out by the American Cancer Society, found no link at all between hair dyes and bladder cancer. 

Kannio A, Ridanpaa M, Koskinen H, et al. 1996. A molecular and epidemiological study on bladder cancer P53 mutations, tobacco smoking, and occupational exposure to asbestos. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5 33-39. 

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