Urinary bladder classification

Because evidence of carcinogenicity in mice (leiomyosarcoma in the urinary bladder, lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma and leukemia, and bronchiolar-alveolar adenocarcinoma and adenoma) was obtained from a single study, it is considered that there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity effects, which deserves a classification Category 2-H350 according to CLP criteria [63],... 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Along with p-naphthylamine and benzidine, it has been incriminated as a cause of urinary bladder cancer. Poison by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. Incompatible with nitrous acid. To fight fire, use dry chemical, CO2, mist, spray. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE and AROMATIC AMINES. 

Helpap B, Kollermann J. Assessment of basal cell status and proliferative patterns in flat and papillary urothelial lesions a contribution to the new WHO classification of the urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder. Hum Pathol. 2000 31 745. 

Urinary incontinence can result from abnormalities within (intrinsic to) and outside of (extrinsic to) the urinary tract. Within the urinary tract, abnormalities may occur in the urethra (including the bladder outlet and urinary sphincters), the bladder, or a combination of both structures. Focusing on abnormalities in these two structures, a simple classification scheme emerges for all but the rarest intrinsic causes of UI. Accurate diagnosis and classification of UI type is critical to the selection of appropriate drug therapy. 

Simply stated, UI may occur only as a result of abnormalities of the urethra (including the bladder outlet and urinary sphincter) or the bladder, or from a combination of abnormalities of both structures. Abnormalities may result in either overfunction or underfunction of the bladder and/or urethra with the resulting development of UI. While this simple classification scheme excludes extremely rare causes of UI such as congenital ectopic ureters and urinary fistulas, it is useful in gaining a working understanding of the condition. 

The classification of the International Children s Continence Society should be used to eliminate confusion, to facilitate and enable comparative research and metaanalyses. This classification recognizes two main dysfunctions overactive bladder or unstable bladder (urge syndrome) and dysfunctional voiding. The common denominator of lower urinary tract dysfunction is bladder sphincter discoordination leading to chronic high intravesical pressure with resulting negative consequences for the urinary tract. 

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