URINARY TRACT CALCULI AND BLADDER TUMORS

Samuel M. Cohen Lora L Arnold Shugo Suzuki 

Urinary bladder cancer in humans has been associated with exposure to chemicals since the observation by Rehn in 1895 of an increased incidence of bladder cancer in aniline dye workers in Germany (Cohen 1998 Cohen et al. 2000 Johansson and Cohen 1997). As a result of extensive research during the past century, numerous chemicals and mixtures have been identified as causative factors for human bladder cancer, most notably cigarette smoking, which accounts for approximately one-half of the bladder cancer cases in the United States (Cohen et al. 2000 Johansson and Cohen 1997). Most of the chemicals that have been identified as human bladder carcinogens documented by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) are DNA reactive chemicals, many of which are aromatic amines, such as 

Cancer Risk Assessment, edited by Ching-Hung Hsu and Todd Stedeford Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

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CHAPTER 19 URINARY TRACT CALCULI AND BLADDER TUMORS... 

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