Gall bladder

Gall bladder Various oral cystographic agents, e.g., iopanoic acid Telepaque etc. Anion transport Urich K, Speck U (1991) Biliary excretion of contrast media. Progr Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 8 307-322... 

Smooth muscle cells constitute the most diversified class of muscle cells. They are the parenchymal cells of many organs, including the uterus and other reproductive organs, gall bladder, urinary bladder, respiratory passages, etc. In all these cases,... 

Particular strains of salmonellae (section 4.2) such as Sal. typhi, Sal. paratyphi and Sal. typhimurium are able not only to penetrate into intestinal epithelial cells and produce exotoxins but also to penetrate beyond into subepithelial tissues. These organisms therefore produce, in addition to the usual symptoms of salmonellosis, a characteristic systemic disease (typhoid and enteric fever). Following recovery frxm such infection the organism is commonly found associated with the gall bladder, hi this state, the recovered person will excrete the organism and form a reservoir for the infection of others. 

The complex polymers in feedstuffs are broken down to the constituent building blocks by a sequential process. Hydrolysis of the polymers is initiated in the lumen of the GIT by enzymes and other secretions produced by the pancreas, stomach, intestine, liver and gall bladder, and other GIT tissues, and completed by another suite of enzymes associated with the brush border membrane (BBM) or intracellular organelles. Anti-nutrient phytochemicals can decrease the hydrolysis of feedstuffs, and thereby reduce nutrient availability, either by increasing the inherent resistance of the polymers to hydrolysis or by decreasing the activities or amounts of enzymes and other secretions produced by the GIT. 

The several liters of fluid that are secreted each day by the GIT mucosa, pancreas and gall bladder, and other associated glands are necessary for the digestion of feedstufifs. Due to efficient reabsorption, less than 100 ml of fluid and only a small percentage of the secreted electrolytes are lost in the feces. The disturbances of mucosal secretion and reabsorption of water and electrolytes caused by various bacterial toxins, such as cholera, are well established. 

IP6 and phytates Kidney and gall bladder stone (calcium stones) management, hypercalcuria prevention (Ohkawa et al. 1984). Gastro-intestinal and colon health (Folino et al., 1995). 

The large contribution of the fecal route to excretion of absorbed americium appears to be the result of excretion of americium into the bile. In monkeys that received an intravenous injection of americium citrate,241 Am was detected in gall bladder bile and its concentration increased as the relative rate of fecal excretion increased over time post injection (Durbin 1973). Durbin (1973) estimated that at bile production rates similar to humans, biliary excretion could have accounted for most, if not all, of the fecal excretion of americium observed in the monkeys. 

A study with a dog exposed to an occluded dermal dose of TOCP labeled with radioactive phosphorus provides limited evidence that organophosphate esters in hydraulic fluids may be widely distributed after dermal absorption (Hodge and Sterner 1943). Similar widespread distribution of radioactivity among tissues was observed in male cats after dermal exposure to [uniformly labeled 14C-phenyl]TOCP (Nomeir and Abou-Donia 1986). Tissues and fluids with the highest concentrations of radioactivity in these studies included the bile, gall bladder, urinary bladder, liver, kidney, and fat, thus suggesting that TOCP and metabolites are somewhat preferentially distributed to these tissues. 

In several regions of Belorussia [A105], a correlation was observed between liver and gall bladder disease among people using pesticides at work, and the pesticide exposure of a given territory. Statistically, this correlation became apparent at levels of pesticide exposure of 2 kg/h and higher. 

Postmortem findings include small hemorrhages present in the internal organs, carcasses may be jaundiced, fluid in body cavities that frequently is blood-stained, intestinal inflammation, edematous and hemorrhagic gall bladder, and the liver may be necrotic. 

Liver, gall bladder, kidney Shorebirds Chile November 1981-March 1982 near abandoned copper mine liver vs. stomach contents 11-15 DW 137... 

Bello-Reuss, E., T.P. Grady, and L. Reuss. 1981. Mechanism of the effect of cyanide on cell membrane potentials in Necturus gall-bladder epithelium. Jour. Physiol. 314 343-357. 

Fed diet containing 424 ng2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg ration for 13 weeks, then fed clean diet for another 13 weeks No overt signs of toxicity. After 13 weeks, 78% of the total 2,3,7,8-TCDD was in carcass and visceral fat, and the rest in liver (9%), gill (5%), skin (3%), muscle (2%), and Gl tract, pyloric caeca, kidney, spleen, and heart. At least 96% of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not metabolized however, gall bladder bile had 4 TCDD metabolites. The half-time persistence for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in whole body was 18 weeks, and for individual organs 6-19 weeks 18... 

Half-time persistence (Tb 1/2) ranged from 2.2—2.4 days for liver, gills, gonads, and whole body 2.9-5.1 days for muscle, spleen, gall bladder, and intestine 6.5 days for kidney and 12.4 days for fat Injection route of intoxication produced severe liver histopathology when compared to dietary route intestinal histopathology observed with dietary route but not with injection route... 

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