Exploratory behavior

CCK is found in the digestive tract and the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the brain, CCK coexists with DA. In the peripheral nervous system, the two principal physiological actions of CCK are stimulation of gaU. bladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. CCK also stimulates glucose and amino acid transport, protein and DNA synthesis, and pancreatic hormone secretion. In the CNS, CCK induces hypothermia, analgesia, hyperglycemia, stimulation of pituitary hormone release, and a decrease in exploratory behavior. The CCK family of neuropeptides has been impHcated in anxiety and panic disorders, psychoses, satiety, and gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretions. 

Davy, F.B., Kleereko. H., and Matis, J.H. (1973). Effects of exposure to sublethal DDT on exploratory behavior of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Water Resources Research 9, 900-905. 

After 10 days of exposure, reduced social behavior and reduced exploratory behavior were observed in rats exposed to 100 ppm trichloroethylene 6 hours per day 5 days per week for a total of 5 weeks (Silverman and Williams 1975). In rats exposed to 50 or 100 ppm trichloroethylene 8 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, effects on sleep patterns were observed (Arito et al. 1994a). At 50 ppm decreased wakefulness was observed during the exposure. Effects remaining at 22 hours after the end of the 6-week exposure included decreased heart rate during sleep at 50 ppm and decreased wakefulness after exposure of 100 ppm (Arito et al. 1994a). Based on the 50-ppm LOAEL identified in the Arito et al. (1994a) study, an intermediate-duration inhalation MRL of 0.1 ppm was calculated as described in the footnote in Table 2-1. 

Geyer. M. Variational and probabilistic aspects of exploratory behavior in space Four stimulant styles. Psychopharmacol Bull 18 48-51, 1982. 

Greenberg N. (1993). Central and endocrine aspects of tongue-flicking and exploratory behavior in Anolis carolinensis. Brain Behav Evol 41, 210-218. 

Histamine in the nervous system may participate in a variety of brain functions. Several of the suspected physiological roles for histamine are related to its ability to increase the neuronal excitability [1, 2,15]. For example, mutant mice lacking the H, receptor show defective locomotor and exploratory behaviors [57], Neuronal histamine may increase attention and/or arousal by many mechanisms, including by enhancing sensory input [58], All available evidence from several species shows that histaminergic neurons, when activated, increase wakefulness... 

Inoue, I., Yanai, K., Kitamura, D. etal. Impaired locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in mice lacking histamine Hi receptors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 13316-13320,1996. 

Rat 0.6 mg/kg BW daily After 6 weeks, diminished exploratory behavior in maze and significantly more errors in maze learning 23... 

Treatment (mg / kg) Locomotion Exploratory Behavior Preference Male vs Female Olfactory function... 

Labra, A., Beltran, S. and Niemeyer, H. M. (2001) Chemical exploratory behavior in the lizard Liolaemus bellii. J. Herpetol. 35, 51-55. 

Clark G, Koester AG, Pearson DW. 1971. Exploratory behavior in chronic disulfoton poisoning in mice. Psychopharmacologia 20 169-171. 

Behavioral LSD typically suppresses locomotor and exploratory behaviors (Mittman and Geyer 1991). It reduces attention and response to... 

Similar to LSD and other monoamine hallucinogens, mescaline suppresses locomotor and exploratory behavior in novel environments (Wing et al. 1990). Also similar to LSD, tolerance develops to the behavioral effects of chronic doses of mescaline (Murray et al. 1977). Mescaline increases aggression in rat models (Sbordone et al. 1978) however, this is an elicited aggression (by electric shock) and does not necessarily generalize to human behavior. Increased aggression is not characteristic of humans using mescaline. 

Miller RC, Godfraind T. (1983). The action of tabernanthine on noradrenaline-stimulated contractions and 45Ca movements in rat isolated vascular smooth muscle. EurJ Pharmacol. 96(3-4) 251-59. Mittman SM, Geyer MA. (1991). Dissociation of multiple effects of acute LSD on exploratory behavior in rats by ritanserin and propranolol. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 105(1) 69-76. 

Both chlorine dioxide and chlorite appear to induce delays in neurodevelopment, as evidenced by delayed brain growth, decreased locomotor and exploratory behavior, and altered auditory startle response in animals exposed during critical periods of neurodevelopment. It is not known whether similar chlorine dioxide- or chlorite-induced neurodevelopmental effects might occur in humans. 

Berrettini WH, Harris N, Ferraro TN, Vogel WH (1994) Maudsley reactive and non-reactive rats differ in exploratory behavior but not learning. Psychiatr Genet 4 91-94 Bizard DA, Altman HJ, Freedman LS (1982) The peripheral sympathetic nervous system in rat strains selectively bred for differences in response to stress. Behav Neural Biol 34 319-325... 

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