Stone bladder

Of the water-soluble vitamins, intakes of nicotinic acid [59-67-6] on the order of 10 to 30 times the recommended daily allowance (RE)A) have been shown to cause flushing, headache, nausea, and moderate lowering of semm cholesterol with concurrent increases in semm glucose. Toxic levels of foHc acid [59-30-3] are ca 20 mg/d in infants, and probably approach 400 mg/d in adults. The body seems able to tolerate very large intakes of ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (vitamin C) without iH effect, but levels in excess of 9 g/d have been reported to cause increases in urinary oxaHc acid excretion. Urinary and blood uric acid also rise as a result of high intakes of ascorbic acid, and these factors may increase the tendency for formation of kidney or bladder stones. AH other water-soluble vitamins possess an even wider margin of safety and present no practical problem (82). 

IP6 and phytates Kidney and gall bladder stone (calcium stones) management, hypercalcuria prevention (Ohkawa et al. 1984). Gastro-intestinal and colon health (Folino et al., 1995). 

Upper and lower urinary tract infection, urosepsis, urinary incontinence refractory urinary retentions chronic, renal failure, bladder diverticuli, bladder stones, or recurrent gross hematuria. 

N.A. Hydrangea arborescens L. Flavonoids, cyanogenic glycoside, saponins, hydrangein, tannin.99100 Treat kidney and bladder stones. 

N.A. Physalis franchetti L. P. pube scene L. Flavonoids, plant sterols, vitamins A and C, alkaloids.100-310 A diuretic for urinary and arthritic problems including kidney and bladder stones, fluid retention, and gout. 

N.A. Rubia tinctorum L. Anthraquinone derivatives, ruberythric acid, alzarin, purpurin, indoid, asperuloside, resin, calcium.99 Treat kidney and bladder stones. 

Diuretic cystitis kidney and bladder stones Sleep aid relieves stress... 

Contain oxalic acid, which can aggravate kidney and bladder stones in susceptible persons... 

Contains oxalic acid, which reduces iron and calcium absorption, and can accelerate the formation of kidney and bladder stones... 

Stochastic responses under conditions of the experiment should be reviewed carefully with respect to the relevance of the evidence to humans (e.g., the occurrence of bladder tumors in the presence of bladder stones and implantation site sarcomas). Interpretation of animal studies is aided by the review of target organ toxicity and other effects (e.g., changes in the immune and endocrine systems) that may be noted in pre-chronic or other toxicologic studies. Time- and dose-related incidence of pre-neoplastic lesions may also be helpful in interpreting animal studies. 

H. A. Ellis, A History of Bladder Stone, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1969. 

B. gaudichaudiana, which is commonly used for diabetes. Elephantopus scaber contains hydroxylated germacranolides, such as molephantin and molephantinin, which cause diuresis, antipiresis, eliminate bladder stones, and have cytotoxic and antitumor properties. From the Tithonia genus, T, diversifolia is widely used in Mexico and often has been identified erroneously as Arnica montana. Because of this confusion it is used as European arnica to treat hematomas and muscular cramps. The genus is rich in sesquiterpene lactones.11... 

R. tinctorum herbal medicine used for kidney bladder stones... 

R. tinctorum herbal medicine used for kidney bladder stones Angelica sp., Heracleum, Pastinaca spp. (Apiaceae), Aegle marmelos,... 

Purine derivatives are considered to be prebiotic molecules. Purine as well as adenine (HCN) can be formed from hydrogen cyanide in the presence of ammonia in a prebiotic atmosphere. Similar reaction in the presence of water can lead to other purines. Purine chemistry goes back to the roots of organic chemistry. Uric acid was the first purine isolated from bladder stones by Scheelc in 1776. The correct empirical formula of uric acid was established much later by Liebig and Mitscherlich. The correct structure was suggested by L. Medicus and was shown to be correct by the syntheses ofHorbaezewski. Behrend and Roosen, and unambiguously by E. Fischer. The development of purine chemistry by E. Fischer is a milestone in heterocyclic chemistry. 

Pumpkin, Curcubita sp., is a member of the gourd family, Curcubitaceae, that also includes melons, cucumbers, squash, and gac. In 2003, the United States production of pumpkins was approximately 335,000 MT (http //usda.mannlib.comell.edu/ reports/nassr/fruit/pvg-bban/vgan0104.txt). In some mid-eastem African countries, dried pumpkin seeds have been used to treat tapeworm when eaten on an empty stomach (53). Also, for many years in Europe, pumpkin seeds have been used as a remedy for micturition. Pumpkin seed oil has also shown possible beneficial affects in retarding the progression of hypertension (54), potential anti-inflammatory activity in arthritis (55), and may be effective in reducing the risk of bladder-stone disease (56). 

Calcium and oxalate arc closely associated with the fomiation of stones in the urinary tract. Kidney stones (renal calculi) and bladder stones are mineral deposits containing protein. They can have a diameter of a centimeter or greater. Most kidney stones (75%) are composed mainly of calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate with hydroxyapatite. Uric acid stones account for about 10% of stones xanthine stones are rare. Calcium containing kidney stones occur in fetem nations and affect about one person in 1000. The disease may occur in children, but typically occurs after rhe age of 30 and in men, Calcium biadder stones occur malniy in the children of underdeveloped countries, such as Thailand, and occur rarely in West em nations. Some kidney stones do not result in symptoms. Others may cause blood loss in the urine. Stones that obstruct the flow of urine from the kidney into the ureter result in violent pain, nausea, and vomiting. 

Smail crystals of calcium oxalate are a normal component of the urine. They form in the glomerular filtrate as water is reabsorbed and the urine is concentrated, Theurineofmostpersonscontainscompoundsthat inhibit the grow th of c rysta Is. These inhibitors include magnesium, citrate, pyrophosphate, and mucopolysaccharides. Apparently, persons who tend to form renal and bladder stones have reduced levels of these Inhibitors. Slone formation has a genetic component. The disease may "run in the family."... 

Because of nephrotoxicity (oliguria, cylindruria, and reduced creatinine clearance, with crystal deposits in renal tubules and interstitial tissue) (4) phenazopyridine should not be used in patients with suspected renal disease and insufficiency, or in patients with glucose-6-phos-phate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bladder stones have also been described (5). 

Hussaini SH, Pereira SP, Veysey MJ, Kennedy C, Jenkins P, Murphy GM, Wass JA, Dowling RH. Roles of gall bladder emptying and intestinal transit in the pathogenesis of octreotide induced gall bladder stones. Gut 1996 38(5) 775-83. 

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