Urine bladder

Macintosh T.K. and Drickamer L.C. (1977). Excreted urine, bladder urine, and the delay of sexual maturation in female house mice. Arum Behav 25, 999-1004. 

Ferguson D, Christopher N (1996) Urine bladder function and drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 17 161-165... 

Acute transient urinary retention associated with metamfetamine and ecstasy (3,4 methylenedioxymetamfeta-mine, MDMA) in an 18-year-old man has been described (76). Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of metamfetamine (>25 pg/ml), MDMA (> 5 pg/ml), amfetamine (1.4 pg/ml), and methylenedioxyamfetamine (3.7 pg/ml) in the urine. Bladder dysfunction resulting from alpha-adrenergic stimulation of the bladder neck may have explained the observed effect. 

Acts directly at cholinergic receptor of smooth muscle of urinary bladder and GI tract. Increases tone of detrusor muscle, may initiate micturation (urination), bladder emptying. Stimulates gastric intestinal motility. 

Blood and urine are most often analyzed for alcohol by headspace gas chromatography (qv) using an internal standard, eg, 1-propanol. Assays are straightforward and lend themselves to automation (see Automated instrumentation). Urine samples are collected as a voided specimen, ie, subjects must void their bladders, wait about 20 minutes, and then provide the urine sample. Voided urine samples provide the most accurate deterrnination of blood alcohol concentrations. Voided urine alcohol concentrations are divided by a factor of 1.3 to determine the equivalent blood alcohol concentration. The 1.3 value is used because urine has approximately one-third more water in it than blood and, at equiUbrium, there is about one-third more alcohol in the urine as in the blood. 

To increase the amoiml of urine in renal and bladder catarrh to prevent the formation of urinary gravel and calculi,... 

Genitourinary—urinary urgency and difficulty with urination, caused by spasms of the ureter. Urinary urgency also may occur because of the action of the drugs on the detrusor muscle of the bladder. Some patients may experience difficulty voiding because of contraction of the bladder sphincter. 

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one or more structures of the urinary tract. The most common structure affected is the bladder, with the urethra, prostate, and kidney also affected (see Pig. 47-1). Display 47-1 identifies the disorder most frequently associated with each of these structures within the urinary system. Clinical manifestations of a UTI of the bladder (cystitis) include urgency, frequency, burning and pain on urination, and pain caused by spasm in the region of the bladder and the suprapubic area. 

Administration of methenamine and methenamine salts may result in gastrointestinal disturbances, such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, and cramps. Large doses may result in burning on urination and bladder irritation. 

In healthy individuals, the bladder, ureters and urethra are sterile and sterile urine constantly flushes the urinary traet. Organisms invading the urinary traet must avoid being detached Ifom the epithelial surfaces and washed out during urination. In the male, since the urethra is long ica. 20 cm), bacteria must be introduced directly into the bladder, possibly through eatheterization. In the female, the urethra is much shorter... 

From a therapeutic point of view, it is essential to confirm the presence of bacteriuria (a condition in which there are bacteria in the urine) since symptoms alone are not a reliable method of documenting infection. This applies particularly to bladder infection where the symptoms of burning micturition (dysuria) and frequency can be associated with a variety of non-bacteriuric conditions. Patients with symptomatic bacteriuria should always be treated. However, the necessity to treat asymptomatic bacteriuric patients varies with age and the presence or absence of underlying urinary tract abnormalities. In the pre-school child it is essential to treat all urinary tract infections and maintain the urine in a sterile state so that normal kidney maturation can proceed. Likewise in pregnancy there is a risk of infection ascending from the bladder to involve the kidney. This is a serious complication and may result in premature labour. Other indications for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria include the presence of underlying renal abnormalities such as stones which may be associated with repeated infections caused by Proteus spp. 

Urinary catheterization (insertion of a catheter into a patient s bladder an increase in urine output may occur with postrenal obstruction)... 

How often have you had a sensation of not emptying your bladder completely after you finished urinating ... 

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