Urinary bladder stimulation

A common form of electrodes in clinical use are the book electrodes for urinary bladder stimulation. The prototype was introduced in 1972 by G.S. Brindley [28] (Fig. 3) to contact the anterior sacral spinal roots. The devices consist of a silicone rubber block with four slots. In each slot, three platinum foil electrodes were embedded, each of which can be addressed independently. 

At the end of this chapter, some readers may wonder why we did not present one of the three most famous and beneficial neural prostheses that are in clinical use since several years the cardiac pacemaker, the cochlea implant and the urinary bladder stimulator of Brindley. In our view, the devices may not be considered microsystems. Only the electronic parts are built of monolithic integrated circuitry in silicon technology. The electrodes are still manufactured in a conventional way not reaching miniaturization levels that were presented here. 

Summation The overall response is the arithmetic sum of the contribution brought by each receptor (e.g., NKX and NK2). Capsaicin-induced contraction of rat isolated urinary bladder, electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced nonadrenergic, noncholinergic contraction of the isolated guinea pig bronchus or renal pelvis when SP metabolism is blocked by peptidase inhibitors are all examples of summation. Both NK and NK2r antagonists are required to abolish such kind of response, but each antagonist substantially reduces the response... 

Creed KE, Ishikawa S, Ito Y 1983 Electrical and mechanical activity recorded from rabbit urinary bladder in response to nerve stimulation. J Physiol 338 149-164 Cui J, Cox DH, Aldrich RW 1997 Intrinsic voltage dependence and Ca2+ regulation of mslo large conductance Ca-activated K+ channels. J Gen Physiol 109 647-673 Fabiato A 1983 Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Am J Physiol 245 0-04... 

Pharmacology Solifenacin is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Muscarinic receptors plays a role in contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle and stimulation of salivary secretion. 

Immunocyanin is an effective medicine for the treatment of urinary bladder carcinoma. It is derived from a sea snail protein. The instillation of immunocyanin into the bladder results in a marked immuno-stimulation of macrophages and hence a specific immune response against mmour cells that are still in the bladder after cancer therapy. 

Flushing, sweating, pruritus, disorientation, headache, dizziness, hyperactivity convulsions, dyspnea, cough, tachypnea, hiccough, rebound hypoventilation, phlebitis, variations in heart rate, arrhythmias, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stimulation of urinary bladder with spontaneous voiding. 

Bethanechol (4.8) also has a prolonged effect, and finds application in stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder (both muscarinic effects) to relieve postoperative atony. 

Muscarinic agonists stimulate the detrusor muscle and relax the trigone and sphincter muscles of the bladder, thus promoting voiding. The function of M2 and M3 receptors in the urinary bladder appears to be the same as in intestinal... 

The chief hormones of the iteurohypophysis are the polypeptides oxytocin and vasopressin. The hormone characteristic of the pars intermedia Is the melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It is usually spoken of in the plural, since in most mammals both alpha and beta forms are known. The structures of the liist two arc shown In the Table I. The most prominent effect of oxytocin is the contraction ot smooth muscle, especially of the uterus, It also has a major effect upon the muscles about ihe breast, and so stimulates the ejection of milk in I,totaling animals. It has a delinile stimulating effect upon (he muscles of Ihe ureter, urinary bladder, intestine, and gall bladder. 

Since the 1970s, nerve surrounding electrodes have become the most successful types of implantable biomedical electrodes in clinical use. For example, they have been used for stimulation of the lower limb [12], the urinary bladder [13], and for recording neural signals [14,15]. Some electrodes have been safely in use for over 15 years [16]. They have been investigated intensively and many efforts have been made in respect to spatial selectivity and nerve fiber recruitment. 

Cytotoxic—inhibits growth of carcinoma of the urinary bladder, breasts, esophagus, thorax, and lungs. Increases secretion of cytokins, mainly IL-1 and TNF-a factor Protective factor against cancer Stimulates development of breast cancer Being incorporated into cellular membranes, fats modulate the activity of macrophages. They disturb proliferation of lymphocytes and depress activity of cytotoxic cells They disturb the response dependent on both B and T cells... 

Habler et al. (1990, 1992) examined the functional properties of unmyelinated and myelinated primary afferent neurons innervating the pelvic viscera in anesthetized cats. The axons were isolated from the intact dorsal root and the intact or chronically de-efferented ventral root of segment S2. The responses of the neurons were studied with natural stimulation of the urinary bladder using innocuous or noxious increases of intravesical pressure. 

The preparation of the isolated, innervated urinary bladder of the rat was reported by Hukovic et al. (1965). Electrical stimulation was performed by a bipolar electrode from the nerves running close to the ureter. 

Weetman (1972) described the preparation of the isolated, innervated urinary bladder in guinea pigs. Contractions of the tissue induced by nerve stimulation could be blocked by local anesthetics and by tetrodotoxin. 

Pietra C, Poggesi E, Angelico P et al. (1990) Effects of some antidepressants on the volume-induced reflex contractions of the rat urinary bladder lack of correlation with muscarinic receptors activity. Pharmacol Res 22 421 132 Santicioli P, Maggi CA, Meli A (1984) GABABreceptor mediated inhibition of field stimulation-induced contractions of rabbit bladder muscle in vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 36 378-381... 

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