Anhydrides maleic anhydride

Acetic anhydnde Phthahc anhydride Maleic anhydride... 

The second largest use at 21% is for unsaturated polyester resins, which are the products of polycondensation reactions between molar equivalents of certain dicarboxyhc acids or thek anhydrides and glycols. One component, usually the diacid or anhydride, must be unsaturated. A vinyl monomer, usually styrene, is a diluent which later serves to fully cross-link the unsaturated portion of the polycondensate when a catalyst, usually a peroxide, is added. The diacids or anhydrides are usually phthahc anhydride, isophthahc acid, and maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride provides the unsaturated bonds. The exact composition is adjusted to obtain the requked performance. Resins based on phthahc anhydride are used in boat hulls, tubs and spas, constmction, and synthetic marble surfaces. In most cases, the resins contain mineral or glass fibers that provide the requked stmctural strength. The market for the resins tends to be cychcal because products made from them sell far better in good economic times (see Polyesters,unsaturated). 

The major by-products of this process are maleic anhydride, benzoic acid, and citraconic anhydride (methylmaleic anhydride). Maleic anhydride could be recovered economically. ... 

Acetic anhydride Propionic anhydride Butyric anhydride Maleic anhydride Phthalic anhydride Acetyl chloride Propionyi chloride Butyryl chloride Hexonyl chloride Benzoyl chloride Oxalyl chloride Chloroacetyl chloride Dichloroacetyl chloride Trichloroacteyl dtloride... 

The heat distortion temperature of styrene polymers is insufficient for some applications, but can be improved by copolymerization with monomers such as -methylstyrene or maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride copolymers are excellently suited to the manufacture of foamed articles. The advantages of glass-fiber reinforcement are greater in such copolymers than in polystyrene itself. 

The phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride and glycol resins. These are generally referred to as general-purpose orthophthalic resins , or simply GP Ortho resins . 

The resistance of propylene and butylene epoxide modified wood to subterranean termites was studied (Rowell etal., 1979). A threshold of 34 % WPG was found to give good protection. Giant ipil ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) was modified with acetic anhydride, maleic anhydride - glycerol or propylene oxide (Mallari etal., 1988, 1990). All modified samples showed good decay resistance to C. versicolor and Tyromyces palustris. 

The unlikely molecule in Figure 20—1 is a cyclic anhydride known by several names 2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid anhydride cis-butene-dioic acid anhydride maleic anhydride (MA) and when youVe been in the business a long time, maleic. ... 

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) was used also as a template for polymerization of maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is very difficult to polymerize by conventional radical polymerization, but in the presence of poly(4-vinylpyridine) in chloroform or in nitromethane, polymerization proceeds at room temperature just after mixing 0.5% solution of poly(4-vinylpyridine) with 1% solution of maleic anhydride. A yellow precipitate is obtained. The precipitate is a mixture of poly(maleic anhydride), poly(4-vinylpyridine), and unreacted maleic anhydride. In the absence of oxygen, polymerization is much slower. The reaction stops on the stage of donor-acceptor complex formation. 

More than 70% of benzene is converted to maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is partially condensed, and the remaining quantity is absorbed in water to form maleic... 

In trying to formulate a reaction mechanism for the catalysis, the well known reaction of aluminum alcoholates with carboxylic anhydrides was used as a basis (14). For example, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydrides, and carbon dioxide, will react so that the acid anhydride pushes itself between the metal atom and the alkoxy groups, thus separating them. This results in forming neutral aluminum salts of the monoalkyl carboxylic acids. It is possible, of course, for the conversion to proceed incompletely, having two alkoxy groups bound to the aluminum, thus having only 1 mole of acid anhvdride react on 1 mole of aluminum alcoholate. 

Anthraquinone is the primary product of the oxidation of anthracene over V2Os-based catalysts. The reaction is very selective and high yields of anthraquinone are possible due to its relatively high stability. An iron vanadate catalyst is used in the industrial process and yields of 80—90 mol. % are reported at 320—370°C. Phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride and carbon oxides are the by-products. 

Amidation -of cyanoacetates [MALONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 15) -of maleic anhydride [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15)... 

Reduction -of benzene [BENZENE] (Vol 4) -dehydrogenase-catalyzed [ENZYMES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS] (Vol 9) -m dyes manufacture pYES AND DYE INTERMEDIATES] (Vol 8) -of esters pSTERS, ORGANIC] (Vol 9) -maleic anhydride [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) -microbial transformations [MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS] (Vol 16) -of mtrophenols [AMINOPHENOLS] (Vol 2) -of terphenyls [BIPHENYL AND TERPHENYLS] (Vol 4)... 

The manufacturing of alkyd resins involves a wide variety of organic ingredients. Whereas most of them are relatively mild and of low toxicity, some, such as phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, solvents, and many of the vinyl (especially acrylic) monomers, are known irritants or skin sensitizers and are poisonous to humans. The hazard potential of the chemicals should be determined by consulting the Material Safety Data Sheets provided by the suppliers, and recommended safety precautions in handling the materials should be practiced. 

There is a further feature of the Diels-Alder reaction that concerns the stereochemical orientation of the addends. In the addition of cf.v-butenedioic anhydride (maleic anhydride) to cyclopentadiene there are two possible ways that the diene and the dienophile could come together to produce different products. These are shown in Equations 13-3 and 13-4 ... 

Exercise 13-11 Suggest a mechanism to show how the following compound may be formed by irradiation of a solution of c/s-butenedioic anhydride (maleic anhydride) in benzene ... 

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