Maleic anhydride, reaction with ammonia

Any type of resin can be made water-soluble. The usual procedure is to incorporate sufficient carboxyl groups into the polymer to give the resin a high acid value (Chapter 12) of 50 or more. These groups are then neutralized with a volatile base, such as ammonia or an amine, whereupon the resin becomes a polymeric salt, soluble in water or water/ether-alcohol mixtures. For example, drying oils can be made acidic if they are heat-bodied in the presence of maleic anhydride, reaction taking place between the double bonds in both materials (see Bodied Oils, Chapter 12). If the carboxyl groups are not fully neutralized, an emulsion can be produced. 

Reaction with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborat generated an iminium ester that was reduced with sodium borohydride to give ethyl 4-(N,N-diethylamino)butanoate (2.38) in 83% overall yield. Using maleic anhydride leads to an alkenyl amino acid as a product. Reaction with ammonia gave 3Z-aminoprop-2-enoic acid (2.39, also known as maleamic acid).21... 

Amidation. Reaction of maleic anhydride or its isomeric acids with ammonia [7664-41-7] (qv), primary amines (qv), and secondary amines produces mono- or diamides. The monoamide derivative from the reaction of ammonia and maleic anhydride is called maleamic acid [557-24-4] (8). Another monoamide derivative formed from the reaction of aniline [62-53-3] and maleic anhydride is maleanilic acid [555-59-9] (9). 

The original compound, maleimide (2,5-dioxo-A -pyrroline), is synthesized by the cyclo-condensation of ammonia and maleic acid. Similarly, primary amine is added to maleic anhydride, followed by cyclocondensation, to form N-substituted maleimide (Fig. 2). This reaction is applied to the preparation of bis-maleimides (BMl) [1]. At first, BMI was used as a crosslinking agent for natural rubber (NR). An o-dichlorobenzene solution of NR was crosslinked by BMI at I08-150°C in the presence of peroxides. The radicals generated from peroxides react with the double bonds of both BMI and NR [ 1 ]. 

A corrosion inhibitor with excellent film-forming and film-persistency characteristics is produced by first reacting Cig unsaturated fatty acids with maleic anhydride or fumaiic acid to produce the fatty acid Diels-Alder adduct or the fatty acid-ene reaction product [31]. This reaction product is further reacted in a condensation or hydrolyzation reaction with a polyalcohol to form an acid-anhydride ester corrosion inhibitor. The ester may be reacted with amines, metal hydroxides, metal oxides, ammonia, and combinations thereof to neutralize the ester. Surfactants may be added to tailor the inhibitor formulation to meet the specific needs of the user, that is, the corrosion inhibitor may be formulated to produce an oil-soluble, highly water-dispersible corrosion inhibitor or an oil-dispersible, water-soluble corrosion inhibitor. Suitable carrier solvents may be used as needed to disperse the corrosion inhibitor formulation. 

Maleic acid imides (maleimides) are derivatives of the reaction of maleic anhydride and ammonia or primary amine compounds. The double bond of a maleimide may undergo an alkylation reaction with a sulfhydryl group to form a stable thioether bond (Chapter 2, Section 2.2). Maleic anhydride may presumably undergo the same reaction with cysteine residues and other sulfhydryl compounds. 

ID S is synthesized by the reaction of ammonia with maleic anhydride in water. The synthesis of EDDS and IDS is also in accordance with the 3rd Principle of Green Chemistry Design Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis, although they are still not perfectly green as there still some hazardous components. This can be a difficult principle to achieve completely as many reactive chemicals in the chemist s toolbox are often hazardous. 

The above procedures for catalyst preparation have generally provided excellent results. Especially important are surface-sensitive reactions. With supported catalysts in which the active components have a narrow particle-size distnbution, the optimum particle size for a demanding reaction can be established. Major improvements of supported catalysts, e.g. with respect to carbon deposition and ammonia decomposition, can be achieved by preparing catalysts with a narrow par-ticle-size distribution. Also, the preparation of catalysts in which the active components have a uniform chemical composition is highly important One instance is the preparation of supported vanadium oxide phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts for the selective oxidation of w-butane to maleic anhydride, which has been carried out using vanadium(III) deposition onto silica [31]... 

Poly-9-vinyladenine (poly-VAd, 2) was prepared by an usual free-radical polymerization of the corresponding monomer (i) The polymerization was carried out in solvents such as DMSO, DMF and water, which gave the pdymer soluble in water and formic add. Copolymers of 9-vinyladenine (i) with acrylamide, maleic anhydride and vinylpyrrolidone could also be obtained by the radical copolymerization technique. Alternatively, poly-VAd was prepared by a polymer reaction from poly-6-chloro-9-vinylpurine (4) with ammonia (Scheme 1). 

See heat transfer. Section 16.11.3.5, and mixing. Section 16.11.7.3. For gas reactions example oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid, production of maleic anhydride, xylene, styrene, vinyl chloride monomer, ethylene dichloride. UD for mass transfer mixers 6 1 to 20 1. Gas velocity for turbulent flow. For gas-liquid reactions cocurrent mass transfer in bubble flow gas superficial velocity 0.6 to 2 m/s liquid superficial velocity 0.3 to 3 m/s spray flow gas superficial velocity 3 to 25 m/s see size reduction. Section 16.11.8.1. For liquid-liquid reactions dispersed phase drops diameter 100 to 2000 j.m, with diameter decreasing as the velocity increases, the surface tension decreases, and the hydraulic radius of the mixing element decreases surface area 100 to 20,000 m /m, depending on the drop diameter and the concentration of dispersed phase. Turbulent flow. Example reactions as a PFTR polymerizations of polystyrene, nylon, urethane sulfonation reactions and caustic washing see size reduction. Section 16.11.8.3. 

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