Maleic anhydride with ethylene

Cyclobutane derivatives are formed after exposing a mixture of alkenes and maleic anhydride to light. Photoadducts are formed by reaction of maleic anhydride with ethylene [74-85-1] and benzene (50). 

Superabsorbent polymers are now commonly made from the polymerization of acrylic acid blended with sodium hydroxide in the presence of an initiator to form a polyacrylic acid, sodium salt (sometimes referred to as cross-linked sodium polyacrylate). Some of the polymers include polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxy-methyl-cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile to name a few. The latter is one of the oldest SAP forms created. 

Examples of acid modified polyolefins are the copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. Variations include the partially neutralised acid copolymers with metal ions (ionomers) or terpolymers of ethylene, an acid and an acrylate such as methyl acrylate or isobutyl acrylate. Acid-containing extrudable adhesives are widely used to bond to aluminium foil. Examples of anhydride-modified polyolefins include terpolymers of ethylene, maleic anhydride and acrylates such as ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate and the anhydride-grafted polyolefins. Some typical applications and stmctures of a variety of multilayer materials with extruded polymer tie-layer adhesives, as described in Du-Pont trade literature, are detailed in Table 16.2. 

The comparison of the pyrogram of polyisoprene-gra/f-maleic anhydride with that of polyisoprene shows no significant difference. Neither 2,5-furandione nor dihydro-2,5-furandione were detected in the pyrogram of polyisoprene-graff-maleic anhydride. The same absence was noticed for other graft copolymers of maleic anhydride, such as for poly(ethylene-graff-maleic anhydride) (see Section 6.1). 

Anhydride Groups. Anhydride groups present on commercially available ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymers are readily reactive with the nucleophile-containing amino acid residues of proteins.11 These groups react directly with lysine residues, for example, to form amide bonds (4.16) ... 

Figure 4.4. Relative activity versus pH for (b) native chymotrypsin (optimum pH 8.6) and for chymotrypsin bound to (a) polyomithine (optimum pH 7.0), (c) ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer (optimum pH 9.4). [Reprinted, with permission, from L. Goldstein and E. Katchalski, Fresnius s Z Anal. Chem. 243, 1968, 375-396. Use of Water-Insoluble Enzyme Derivatives in Biochemical Analysis and Separation . 1968 by Springer.]...

Because the local pH at the surface of the support is lower than the bulk, or measured pH, the apparent pH optimum shifts to higher pH values with this and other negatively charged support materials. Figure 4.4 shows that chymotrypsin immobilized onto an ethylene-maleic anhydride support exhibits a pH optimum of 9.4, almost one full pH unit higher than that observed for the native enzyme. 

Ethylene/maleic anhydride EMA Monsanto Polymers with amine end groups, polyamides, etc. 

Commercially available water soluble copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene and methyl vinyl ether (presumably partially hydrolyzed to vicinal carboxylic acids) and triphenylsulfonium triflate were dissolved in water as a casting solvent. Spin-cast films were baked at 130 °C for 10 s, exposed to 254 nm radiation, and postexposure-baked at 130 °C for 40 s. Development with pure water provided negative tone images, presumably due to acid-catalyzed dehydration between vicinal carboxylic acids to form less polar anhydride, as was demonstrated for polarity reversal (4.3.1). However, a copolymer of maleic acid with methyl vinyl ether failed to provide any negative images,... 

The Fe(CO)s be removed by sublimation in vacuum. Olefins that may be used include ethylene, maleic anhydride, maleic add, fumaric add and PhCH=CHCOMe4 Olefins with strained rings may also be used to form Fe(CO)4 derivatives. The extent to which ring opening occurs depends upon the reaction... 

Bogdal et al. have obtained unsaturated polyesters in polyaddition reactions of alkylene oxides such as epichlorohydrin and acid anhydrides (maleic and phthalic anhydrides) in the presence of lithium chloride as catalyst under microwave irradiation conditions (Scheme 14.22) [51, 52]. In the standard procedure, a mixture of 0.10 mol phthalic anhydride and 0.10 mol maleic anhydride with 0.010 mol ethylene glycol, 0.20 mol epichlorohydrin, lithium chloride (0.1% w/w) was placed in a... 

Synonyms EMA Ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer 2,5-Furandione, polper with ethene Maleic anhydride/polyethylene copolymer Definition Polymer of ethylene and maleic anhydride monomers Formula [CH CHJ.ICHCOOHCHCOOH],... 

Thermoplastic starch can also be blended with other polymers such as polyolefins [115]. In this sort of blend, a compatibilizer such as ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer can be used in order to make hydroxyl starch groups and anhydride copolymer groups to react and obtain ester bonds. This sort of esterification helps to compatibilize the starch (hydrophilic) with polyolefins (lipophilic). 

PPS can be modified with polyamide 66 by melt blending [60]. In particular, polyamide 66 has an excellent processing performance and a high resistance to abrasion. A terpolymer from ethylene, maleic anhydride, and glycidyl methacrylate is used for reasons of compatibilization. 

Blends of poly (vinyl alcohol) with polycaprolactone [60] and ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymers [61] are also used in biodegradable packaging, though the latter blend is unlikely to be biodegradable. 

Other methods include reacting maleic anhydride with diene before grafting and modification of maleic anhydride by substituting one of its hydrogen atoms with a polar atom like bromine (19). In fact, patents 3,882,194 and 3,873,643 both relate to grafting of a cyclic or polycyclic ethylenically unsaturated acid or anhydride onto polyolefins. The benefit in using these types of monomers is that they do not homopolymerize. 

There has been a slight increase in activity in this area compared with that in the previous two year period. For the polymeric esters of acrylic, methacrylic acids, and related polymers the simplest reaction, apart from thermal depolymerization, is hydrolysis, and one or two papers on this subject have appeared. One of these concerns a comparison of the kinetics of hydrolysis of a number of methacrylate esters and a further two deal with the formation of copolymers containing carboxylic acid functions. Methyl trifluoroacrylate forms alternating copolymers with cE-olefins (ethylene, propylene, isobutylene) and these are readily hydrolysed in boiling aqueous methanolic sodium hydroxide to yield hydrophilic fluoropolymers. Hydrolysis is reported to be nearly quantitative with no chain scission. An alternating copolymer is also formed by radical polymerization of maleic anhydride with A-vinyl succinimide. On hydrolysis this copolymer is... 

Among the chemically-defined macromolecular stimulators of interferon production are the synthetic polymers derived from ethylene maleic anhydride or polyacrylic acid. The structural requirements appear to be a molecular weight of 17,000 or greater and a saturated aliphatic carbon chain with carboxylated groups in alternate or adjacent positions on two out of every four or five carbons. These einionic copolymers are active in vivo in mice against Friend leukemia virus and stimulate the produc tion of interferon in man. 

One patented method of separating the undesirable high molecular weight fraction involves the formation of complexes of the polymer with poly (acrylic acid) or with an ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer. The procedure is outlined here for reference only. 

To increase the starch load up to 40-60% in PO a gelatinized starch is used in the films of poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA) or a mixture of EAA/LDPE or LDPE/EMA (ethylene-maleic anhydride). The difficulty with this system is that the high level of filler seriously impairs the mechanical properties, especially in thin films, and the starch is subjected to moisture-absorption problems. LDPE Mn stea-rate/starch showed a decrease of MW during thermo-oxidation and an increase of MW during UV irradiation. In the mixtures, it has been estabhshed that ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer accelerates LDPE oxidative degradation while plasticized starch inhibits it [62]. 

Maleic anhydride adducts of anthracene and cyclopentadiene (Fig. 4) were used in the synthesis of UPRs and apphed directly during the polycondensation reaction of maleic anhydride with ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol (Table 7) [17]. 

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