Maleic anhydride -functionalized olefin

In some cases, the SPS/nylon compositions include olefinic impact modifiers that are compatibilized with the matrix nylon via a maleic anhydride-functionalized olefin. The concept is that the maleic anhdydride portion of the molecule reacts with the nylon, and the olefin part of the molecule is miscible with the olefin impact modifier. 

Hydrogenated S-EB-S block-copolymers can be used with olefinic plastics such as PP and PE because of their higher temperature allowance, and even with engineering plastics that usually need melt temperatures well above 275°C. But for polar engineering plastics, such as PA 6 and 66, maleic anhydride functionalized polymers have been developed and commercialized. Systems available to improve impact resistance of high-performance plastics are given in the table below. 

The copolymerization of furan and 2-methylfuran with dienophiles such as maleic anhydride leads to polymer structures with furan pendent functionality. Furan, 2-methylfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran have been copolymerized with acrylic monomers (51,52) and acrylonitrile (52,53). The furan ring of furan, 2-methylfuran, and 2,5-dimethylfuran participates as a diene in a free radical copolymerization with acrylonitrile. The initial step for furan and for 2,5-dimethylfuran is the attachment of an acrylonitrile radical at the 2-position, but for 2-methylfuran, the attack is at the-5-position. Propagation proceeds by the attack of the furan radical on an acrylonitrile molecule, to leave one olefinic bond in the structure derived from the furan ring. If this bond is in the 4,5- or 2,3-position, it may be involved in a second additional reaction by the return of the propagating chain. 

Palladium-based catalysts also bring about cyclopropanations in high-yield. With palladium acetate/CHjNj, styrene , unactivated terminal olefins strained olefins , 1,3-dienesan enamine , as well as a,3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds have been cyclopropanated (Table 1). Contrary to an earlier report, the reaction also works well with cyclohexene if the conditions are chosen appropriately it seems that the notniyst is rapidly deactivated in the presence of this olefin >. Trisubstituted a,p-unsaturated carbonyl compounds were found to be unreactive, and the same is true for the double bonds in diethyl fumarate, maleic anhydride, coumarin and 1,3-dimethyluracil. Whereas the latter two were totally unreactive, [3-1-2] cycloaddition of diazomethane gave pyrazolines in the former two cases. The last entry of Table 1 shows that an allyl alcohol function can still be cyclopropanated, but methylene insertion into the O—H bond is a competing process. 

One main characteristics of n-butane oxidation is the substantial absence of by-products of partial oxidation other than maleic anhydride (apart from a low amount of phthalic anhydride). This means that once the alkane has been adsorbed and transformed to the first intermediate species, the latter has to be quickly transformed up to the final stable product. If this requirement is not met, the adsorbed olefinic-like intermediate may desorb. This leads to a lower selectivity to the final desired product, because the olefin may be readsorbed on nonspecific oxidizing sites yielding other undesired products (aldehydes or acids), which can also be precursors for the formation of carbon oxides. Therefore, a rapid transformation of the adsorbed intermediates to oxidized products is necessary in order to obtain high selectivity to the desired product. In order to guarantee this selective pathway, the catalyst surface must provide the required arrangement of specific oxidizing sites the different functional properties must be arranged so as to provide an ensemble of sites (or, alternatively, sites with multifunctional properties) able to allow the reaction pathway from alkane adsorption and activation up to its transformation to the final product to be completed. 

Direct copolymerization [1, 2], In this case, two types of monomers react, one of them having a functional or pendant functional group for instance, the copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MA) and styrene (St) generates the alternating copolymer poly (St-a/t-MA) [1]. Another example is the direct copolymerization of a-olefins (polypropylene, PP, and polyethylene. 

The choice of maleic anhydride (MAH) as the functionalizing agent is suitable for several reasons. The most important one -- a fact which distinguishes MAH from other unsaturated molecules bearing functional groups - is that MAH, similarly as other 1,2-di-substituted olefins, does not homopolymerize easily. This makes the grafting product, EPM-g-SA, practically unmodified in its rubbery properties and miscible with the parent EPM. 

Photoconductive Lithographic Printing Plate Assembly. NVK has been copolymerized with olefinic monomers possessing carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, and, maleic anhydride, or carboxylic anhydride [7]. The acid functionality yields copolymers that are soluble in aqueous alkaline media. The copolymers are intended... 

PP poly(propylene), PS poly(styrene), MAH maleic anhydride, MA methacrylic acid, S styrene, PE poly(ethylene), PPE poly(phenylene ether), LDPE low-density PE, EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, SAN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, EPR ethylene-propylene copolymer, NMAC A -methacrylyl caprolactam, GMA glycidyl methacrylate, FA fumaric acid, AEFO anhydride and epoxide functionalized olefin copolymer, SEBS styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene copolymer, HDPE high-density PE, AN acrylonitrile, and S-MAH-MMA styrene-maleic anhydride-methyl methacrylate copolymer. 

There has been a slight increase in activity in this area compared with that in the previous two year period. For the polymeric esters of acrylic, methacrylic acids, and related polymers the simplest reaction, apart from thermal depolymerization, is hydrolysis, and one or two papers on this subject have appeared. One of these concerns a comparison of the kinetics of hydrolysis of a number of methacrylate esters and a further two deal with the formation of copolymers containing carboxylic acid functions. Methyl trifluoroacrylate forms alternating copolymers with cE-olefins (ethylene, propylene, isobutylene) and these are readily hydrolysed in boiling aqueous methanolic sodium hydroxide to yield hydrophilic fluoropolymers. Hydrolysis is reported to be nearly quantitative with no chain scission. An alternating copolymer is also formed by radical polymerization of maleic anhydride with A-vinyl succinimide. On hydrolysis this copolymer is... 

MA is capable of donating electrons from the olefin tt bond like other olefins. Besides transitory equilibrium species proposed as intermediates during various addition reactions of the olefin, the C—C double bond can function as a ligand. In so doing, it leads to a variety of transition-metal complexes. Weiss and Stark obtained bis-(maleic anhydride)nickel (O) as orange crystals when a benzene solution of MA and nickel carbonyl was heated. 

For the thermoplastic elastomer, one example is the commercially available olefinic elastomer composed of ethylene, acrylic ester and small amounts of maleic anhydride (-2 wt%). Another example is the ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) modified with a maleic anhydride group. One more example is the olefinic elastomer having a glycidyl group. These olefinic elastomers have the reactive functional group such as anhydride or an epoxide group. 

Using MDA-treated PPS and an olefinic elastomer with a functional group of maleic anhydride, elastomer toughened PPS using the reactive processing method was developed. 

Other olefin derivatives which form analogous complexes with Fe2(CO)9 include maleic anhydride, maleic and fumaric acids and their esters, acrolein, and cinnamaldehyde 111). Several of these complexes have also been obtained upon irradiation of the olefinic compounds with Fe(CO)5 112). Normal reactions of the functional groups of the ligand, e.g., esterification and hydrolysis, can be accomplished. Degradation of the maleic anhydride complex with HBr produces succinic add 112). 

Impact modification of nylons is generally achieved through the incorporation of reactive groups in the rubber [139, 140]. Since these compositions react with the nylon during the melt processing, the conditions and compositions must be carefully controlled to prevent undesired increases in melt viscosity. While core-shell modifiers have been applied successfully to these systems [141, 142], the most common commercial approach is the use of olefin-based elastomers grafted with functional monomers as maleic anhydride. 

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