Poly maleic anhydride ester

The use of a polymer monolayer to form LB films to be gas treated to form CdS nanoparticles has been reported [174]. The polymer use was poly (maleic anhydride) ester-... 

Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides made from several linear alpha olefins are used in paper sizing, detergents, and other uses. Sulfosuccinic acid esters serve as surface active agents. Alkyd resins (qv) are used as surface coatings. Chlorendric anhydride [115-27-5] is used as a flame resistant component (see Flame retardants). Tetrahydrophthalic acid [88-98-2] and hexahydrophthalic anhydride [85-42-7] have specialty resin appHcations. Gas barrier films made by grafting maleic anhydride to polypropylene [25085-53-4] film are used in food packaging (qv). Poly(maleic anhydride) [24937-72-2] is used as a scale preventer and corrosion inhibitor (see Corrosion and corrosion control). Maleic anhydride forms copolymers with ethylene glycol methyl vinyl ethers which are partially esterified for biomedical and pharmaceutical uses (189) (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Poly(maleic anhydride), prepared with free-radical initiators, is a low molecular weight, creamy white material soluble in water, dilute alkali, ketones, acetonitrile, lower alkyl alcohols, esters, and nitroalkanes. Nonsolvents include aromatic hydrocarbons and most chlorinated compounds. The... 

Ethyl and butyl esters of poly(vinyl methyl ether)/maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) copolymer were introduced in the early 1960s for use in hair sprays. These polymers also have free carboxy acid groups that can be neutralized. Recommended neutralization is 10%, but products can be found in the range of 5—30%, and recommended neutralizers include ammonium hydroxide, aminomethyl propanol, and triisopropano1 amine. These were the most widely used polymers in hair sprays before their use decreased dramatically in the early 1990s. 

DADC may be polymerised industrially with small amounts of other miscible Hquid monomers. Some acryflc ester monomers and maleic anhydride may accelerate polymerisation. Copolymerisation with methacrylates, diaHyl phthalates, triaHyl isocyanurate, maleates, maleimides, and unsaturated polyesters are among the examples in the early Hterature. Copolymers of DADC with poly-functional unsaturated esters give castings of high clarity for eyeglass lenses and other optical appHcations (20). 

Poly(methyl vinyl ether-i o-maleic anhydride) and their monoalkyl ester derivatives have been shown on rabbits to be neither primary irritants nor primary sensiti2ers to skin and eyes. The acute oral toxicities on white rats of the two copolymers are, respectively, 29 g/kg and 25 g/kg body weight. 

In vitro-in vivo comparison of timolol maleate release from buffered and unbuffered matrices of monoisopropyl ester of poly(vinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride)... 

Alkyl monoesters of poly(vinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride) (PVM-MA) are bioerodible acidic polymers that are used to control drug release. In biological fluids with poor buffering capacity, drug release from the polymers and their dissolution are slowed owing to the lower pH on the polymer surface. We studied whether the release of timolol from matrices of monoisopropyl ester of PVM-MA in vitro and in vivo in rabbits eyes could be affected by disodium phosphate in the matrices. Addition of disodium phosphate to the matrices doubled the release rate of timolol in vitro, but it did not affect the bulk pH of the dissolution medium. On the basis of the timolol concentrations in the tear fluid and in systemic circulation, disodium phosphate seems to accelerate drug release in vivo also. Disodium phosphate probably affects the rate of dmg release by increasing the microenvironmental pH on the polymer surface. 

A.Urtti, Pilocarpine release from matrices of alkyl half-esters of poly( vinyl methyl ether/maleic anhydride), Int. 

Copolymers of poly(isobutylene) and maleic anhydride, func- (74) tionalized with amines or amino alcohols Copolymers of poly(isobutylene), vinyl esters, and maleic an- (75) hydride... 

As pointed out by Heller (2), polymer erosion can be controlled by the following three types of mechanisms (1) water-soluble polymers insolubilized by hydrolytically unstable cross-links (2) water-insoluble polymers solubilized by hydrolysis, ionization, or protonation of pendant groups (3) hydrophobic polymers solubilized by backbone cleavage to small water soluble molecules. These mechanisms represent extreme cases the actual erosion may occur by a combination of mechanisms. In addition to poly (lactic acid), poly (glycolic acid), and lactic/glycolic acid copolymers, other commonly used bioerodible/biodegradable polymers include polyorthoesters, polycaprolactone, polyaminoacids, polyanhydrides, and half esters of methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymers (3). 

Several polymers were found to fit all or most of the above criteria and were used to prepare the carrier films. Many polymers have been used for this purpose, viz., ethyl cellulose, poly(y-benzyl glutamate), poly(vinyl acetate), cellulose acetate phthalate, and the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether with maleic anhydride. In addition to the base polymers, plasticizers were often needed to impart a suitable degree of flexibility. Plasticizers, which are found to be compatible with polymeric materials include, acetylated monoglycerides, esters of phthalic acid such as dibutyl tartarate, etc. An excipient was usually incorporated into the matrix of the carrier films. The excipients used were water-soluble materials, which are capable of creating channels in the polymer matrix and facilitate diffusion of the drug. PEGs of different molecular weights were used for this purpose. 

Over the past years considerable attention has been paid to the dispersing system since this controls the porosity of the particle. This is important both to ensure quick removal of vinyl chloride monomer after polymerisation and also to achieve easy processing and dry blendable polymers. Amongst materials quoted as protective colloids are vinyl acetate—maleic anhydride copolymers, fatty acid esters of glycerol, ethylene glycol and pentaeiythritol, and, more recently, mixed cellulose ethers and partially hydrolysed poly(vinyl acetate). Much recent emphasis has been on mixed systems. 

Unsaturated poly(ester-imide) resins are known having imide structures at the end of the molecule or in the backbone. Chain termination by imide is frequently done with the tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (23) aminoethanol (9) reaction product [10,201-204]. In the synthesis of these resins, maleic anhydride is used. It is cheap and a world-wide available raw material, having the advantage of generating per mol only one mol of distillate. Patents are known where fumar-ic acid is claimed, e.g., in [205], but it is probably not frequently used in industrial processes. Anyway, under the conditions of the esterification reaction, a part of the maleate is isomerised into the fumarate [206]. To get materials with good heat resistance the use of THEIC is claimed for branching the unsaturated poly(ester-imide) resins [202]. Flexibility and heat resistance are improved when fatty acids, e.g., castor oil fatty acid [205,207], are build into the macromolecule. 

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