Grafting maleic anhydride

Poly(phenylene oxide)s undergo many substitution reactions (25). Reactions involving the aromatic rings and the methyl groups of DMPPO include bromination (26), displacement of the resultant bromine with phosphoms or amines (27), lithiation (28), and maleic anhydride grafting (29). Additional reactions at the open 3-position on the ring include nitration, alkylation (30), and amidation with isocyanates (31). 

Extension of the chlorosulfonation technology to base resins other than polyethylene, where value can be added, seems a logical next step. Polypropylene and ethylene copolymers containing additional functionaUty, ie, maleic anhydride graft, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, etc, have been chlorinated and chlorosulfonated to broaden the appHcation base, particularly in coatings and adhesives (9,10). 

One of the earliest references on compatibilizing a nylon-6-polypropylene blend using maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) was the work of Ide and Hase-gawa published in 1974 [35]. In their study, the formation of a graft copolymer was confirmed by DSC after solvent extraction of the PP component. Blends with PP-g-MAH... 

Figure 7 Notched impact strength vs. interparticle distance for PBT-maleic anhydride grafted EOR blends. Source Ref. 58.

PP-g-AA - acrylic acid grafted polypropylene PP-g-MAH - maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene PPacr - acrylic acid grafted polypropylene PPmal - maleic anhdride grafted polypropylene PPS - polyphenylene sulfide PS - polystyrene... 

SEBS-g-MA - maleic anhydride grafted styrene (ethyl-... 

This is another important and widely used polymer. Nanocomposites have been prepared based on this rubber mostly for flame-retardancy behavior. Blends with acrylic functional polymer and maleic anhydride-grafted ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) have also been used both with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes to prepare nanocomposites [65-69]. 

PP is probably the most thoroughly investigated system in the nanocomposite field next to nylon [127-132]. In most of the cases isotactic/syndiotactic-PP-based nanocomposites have been prepared with various clays using maleic anhydride as the compatibilizer. Sometimes maleic anhydride-grafted PP has also been used [127]. Nanocomposites have shown dramatic improvement over the pristine polymer in mechanical, rheological, thermal, and barrier properties [132-138]. Crystallization [139,140], thermodynamic behavior, and kinetic study [141] have also been done. 

FIGURE 13.4 Schematic representation of maleic anhydride graft-rich clusters in maleated ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPMs). 

Calculated Degree of Maleic Anhydride Grafting Required to Obtain a Solubility Parameter of 18.0 (J/cm ) , Assuming Full Conversion of the Grafted Anhydride with the Amines Listed, and Corresponding Glass Transition Temperatures (Tg)... 

FIGURE 38.4 Tensile strength of polypropylene-maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-MA-g-PP)-ruhher powder composite as a function of ruhher powder content. (Reprinted from Shanmugharaj, A.M., Kim, J.K., and Ryu, S.H., Polymer Test., 24, 739, 2005. With permission.)... 

Notes EVA, ethylene vinyl acetate LLDPE-MAH, maleic anhydride grafted linear low-density polyethylene COPA, co-polyamide. 

The EVA and co-polyamide (COPA) layers are resolved quite well by FTIR transmission imaging (Figure 12), but the 5 pm linear low-density polyethylene/ maleic anhydride grafted (LLDPE-MAH) layers cannot be detected in this mode. 

Figure 14.9 Effect of various impact modifiers (25wt%) on the notched Izod impact strength of recycled PET (as moulded and annealed at 150°C for 16 h) E-GMA, glycidyl-methacrylate-functionalized ethylene copolymer E-EA-GMA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (72/20/8) terpolymer E-EA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate EPR, ethylene propylene rubber MA-GPR, maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber MBS, poly(methyl methacrylate)-g-poly(butadiene/styrene) BuA-C/S, poly(butyl acrylate-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) core/shell rubber. Data taken from Akkapeddi etal. [26]...

Fig. 10 pH-Dependent permeability of the anions Fe(CN)6 and the cation Ru(NH3)g in nanocomposite dendrimer-poly(maleic anhydride) grafts that contain - CO2H/ - C02" and NH2/-NH3 groups in the film with a anion permeability at low pH where the... 

R. Qi, Z. Chen, and C. Zhou, Solvothermal preparation of maleic anhydride grafted onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS), Polymer, 46(12) 4098-4104, May 2005. 

Fig. 11.1 Maleic anhydride graft process for baled EP rubber. [Reprinted by permission from R. C. Kowalski, Fit the Reactor to the Chemistry, in Reactive Extrusion, M. Xanthos, Ed., Hanser, New York, 1992.]...

Graft reactions and functionalization reactions Graft copolymer of polystyrene and maleic anhydride graft copolymer of polyolefines and vinylsilanes graft copolymers of polyolefines and (meth)acrylic monomers, graft copolymer of EVA with acrylic acid graft copolymer of polyolefines and maleic anhydride halogenation of polyolefines or EVA... 

In the field of flame retardancy only a few papers paid attention to the interfaces until the appearance of nanocomposites [7,8], Nanocomposite technologies adapted the use of both the surfactants and the multilayer interfacial structures (introducing maleic anhydride grafted macromolecular interlayer) [9,10], A simplification is, however, characteristic to most of the works dealing with nanostructured FR polymers the importance of dispersion is considered, neglecting the other special interfacial requirements of FR. 

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