Maleic anhydride, modifying

Hypalon CP 826. This is a chloriaated, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene having a chlorine content of about 25% and maleic anhydride content of about 0.8%, developed to promote adhesion of inks and coatiags to polypropyleae or bleads containing polypropyleae. It has a solutioa viscosity of 125 mPas(= cP) at 20% soHds ia xyleae and can be used ia dilute solutioas as a wash primer or a tie layer betweea materials that are difficult to adhere. CP 827 is a higher molecular-weight analogue with a solution viscosity of 280 mPas(= cP) at 20% soHds ia 80/20 xylene/methyl isobutyl ketoae. 

Maleic anhydride-modified DCPD resins. Heating of the DCPD resin with 10 wt% maleic anhydride for 3 h at 200°C produces a resin with a softening point of 180°C and an acid number of 53. 

In all the compositions, the DCP-cured blends showed better properties than the corresponding unvulcanized samples. Choudhary et al. [30] further demonstrated the use of EPDM, chlorinated PE, chlorosulfo-nated PE, maleic anhydride modified polyethylene, and blends of epoxidized natural rubber-sulfonated EPDM as compatibilizers in NR-LDPE (low-density PE) blends. 

Els and McGill [48] reported the action of maleic anhydride on polypropylene-polyisoprene blends. A graft copolymer was found in situ through the modifier, which later enhanced the overall performance of the blend. Scott and Macosko [49] studied the reactive and nonreactive compatibilization of nylon-ethylene-propylene rubber blends. The nonreactive polyamide-ethylene propylene blends showed poor interfacial adhesion between the phases. The reactive polyamide-ethylene propylene-maleic anhydride modified blends showed excellent adhesion and much smaller dispersed phase domain size. 

Blends based on polyolefins have been compatibilized by reactive extrusion where functionalized polyolefins are used to form copolymers that bridge the phases. Maleic anhydride modified polyolefins and acrylic acid modified polyolefins are the commonly used modified polymers used as the compatibilizer in polyolefin-polyamide systems. The chemical reaction involved in the formation of block copolymers by the reaction of the amine end group on nylon and anhydride groups or carboxylic groups on modified polyolefins is shown in Scheme 1. 

The influence of maleic anhydride modified styrene-(ethylene-co-butylene)-styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer as a reactive compatibilizer in a nylon-6-SEBS blend was investigated by Wu et al. [66]. When the ma]e-ated SEBS was incorporated into the PA-6-SEBS biend. 

Coran and Patel [74] investigated the reactive com-patibilization of PP-NBR and HDPE-NBR blends using phenolic modified polyolefin, maleic anhydride modified polyolefin, and amine terminated nitrile rubber as reactive components. Dynamic vulcanization was also inves-... 

The reactive compatibilization of HDPE-NBR and PP-NBR blends has been studied by Thomas and coworkers [75,76]. The maleic anhydride modified polyolefins and phenolic modified polyolefins are used as com-patibilizers. The effect of the concentration of these compatibilizers on the compatibility of these blends was investigated in terms of morphology and mechanical properties. It was found that in these blends an optimum quantity of the compatibilizer was required to obtain maximum improvement in properties, and after that a leveling off was observed. The domain size of the dispersed NBR phase in these blends is decreased up to a certain level and then increases (Fig. 12 and 13). The reduction in domain size is attributed to the increase in... 

Figure 12 Scanning electron micrographs of 70 30 HDPE-NBR blend with (a) 0 wt%, (b) 1 wt%, (c) 5 wt%, and (d) 10 wt% maleic anhydride modified polyethylene. Source Ref. 75.

Figure 13 Average diameter of dispersed NBR domains vs. phenolic modified polypropylene and maleic anhydride modified polypropylene concentration. Source Ref. 75.

If high impact resistance is required, the PA can be modified with rubber particles.11,15 The blends are usually made by reactive compounding from maleic-anhydride-modified rubbers, such as, EPDM, EPR, polybutadiene, or SEBS. Partial amorphous PA with a high Tg combines to give a high dimensional stability and good solvent resistance with transparency. 

Reactive POs having reactive functional groups are considered to be the most conventional way to produce various polymer hybrids, most of which were graft type copolymers. Typically, it is well-known that the maleic anhydride modified POs are useful as a reactive PO to prepare the polymer hybrid [114]. 

Lu, B. Chung, T.C. Maleic anhydride modified PP with controllable molecular structure new synthetic route via borane teriminated PP. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5943. 

Figure 13.9. Elastomer content vs. impact strength of polypropylene containing 15% talc and maleic anhydride modified ethylene-propylene copolymer. [Data from Yu Long, Shanks R A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 61, No. 11, 1996,1877-85.]...

Licomont series (Clariant, Germany) is represented by Licomont AR 504, that is a maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene, density of 0.89-0.93 g/cm, acid value of 37-45 mg KOH/g. Other Licomonts in the series are lubricants. 

Since the mono-azo intermediates and 3,3 -DCB all contain reactive amine functionalities, decomposition products could be trapped using chemically reactive polyolefin resins added to the color concentrate formulation. In principle, commercially available maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene resins and waxes possess the necessary functionality to react with amine compounds as they are produced. Potentially harmful 3,3 -DCB decomposition products would then be immobilized as pendant groups on the polymer backbone in the form of imide or amide/carboxylic acid pairs (Figure IB). 

Upon the incorporation of preintercalated clay into maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (PP-MA), the modulus at —50 to 140°C increased significantly [Nam et al., 2001]. The dispersion of MMT in PP resulted in a remarkable increase in... 

Mishra, J. K., Hwang, K.-J., and Ha, C.-S., Preparation, mechanical and rheological properties of a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO)/organoclay nanocomposite with reference to the effect of maleic anhydride modified polypropylene as a compatibifizer. Polymer, 46, 1995-2002 (2005). 

In an alternative work, the compatibility and mechanical properties of green coconut fiber (GCF) blended with PLA and maleic anhydride-modified PLA (PLA-g-MA) were evaluated by Wu [24]. He investigated FTIR, NMR, and XRD analysis and revealed that the formation of ester groups, via reactions between the -OH groups in GCF and the anhydride carboxyl groups in PLA-g-MA, which significantly altered the crystal structure of the composite material. Also, Wu... 

The simultaneous analysis of concentration and composition in GPC measurements is of significant interest for today s complex polyolefin copolymers. The same IR detector can be used to analyze ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or other functional polyolefin copolymers (with a carbonyl group) as a function of molar mass. All that is needed is to replace the methyl interference filter by a carbonyl region filter. An example of a maleic anhydride-modified PE is shown in Fig. 9, with an IR interference filter measuring at 1,740 cm . ... 

Fig. 9 Analysis of a maleic anhydride-modified PE by GPC-IR to characterize the interdependence of composition and molar mass. Calibration was with vinyl acetate (VA) standards...

Hasegawa, N., Kawasumi, M., Kato, M., Usuki, A. and Okada, A. (1998). Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Qay Hybrids using a Maleic Anhydride-Modified Polypropylene Oligomer, /, Appl. Polym, Sci, 67(1) 87-92. 

In the low shear rate region, the first normal stress difference increases with the fiber content, which may be due to the hydrodynamic effect associated with fiber orientation in the flow direction. The effect of surface treatment was identical to that in the high shear rate region. The shear viscosity and the first normal stress difference as a function of shear rate for maleic anhydride modified PP (5wt.%) added composites (GF/mPP/PP compositese) are plotted in Fig. 2. Although the overall level of the both functions rj and Nj was higher than that in GF/PP composites (Fig. 1), the effect of surface treatment by lwt.% ASC on rj and NiofGF/PP composites is similar to that of GF/mPP / PP. 

Van Den Oever, M Peijs, T. (1998). Continuous-Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites II. Influence of Maleic-Anhydride Modified Polypropylene on Fatigue Behaviour. Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol.29, No.3, pp. 227-239 ISSN 1359-835X... 

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