Maleic anhydride copolymers and

A mixture of sulfonated styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and polymers prepared from acrylic acid or acrylamide and their derivatives [759] are dispersants for drilling fluids. The rheologic characteristics of aqueous well drilling fluids are enhanced by incorporating into the fluids small amounts of sulfonated styrene-itaconic acid copolymers [761] and an acrylic acid or acrylamide polymer [755]. 

Supemucleophilic polymers containing the 4-(pyrro-lidino)pyridine group were synthesized from the corresponding maleic anhydride copolymers and also by cyclopolymerization of N-4-pyridyl bis(methacryl-imide). The resulting polymers were examined for their kinetics of quaternization with benzyl chloride and hydrolysis of pj-nitrophenylacetate. In both instances, the polymer bound 4-(dialkylamino)pyridine was found to be a superior catalyst than the corresponding low molecular weight analog. 

Poly(methylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride) copolymers and derivatives are used in denture adhesive bases, controlled-release coatings, enteric coatings, ostomy adhesives, trans-dermal patches, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and trans-dermal gels. Gantrez AN-119 has been used to manufacture... 

Table I Chemical name and CAS registry number for poly(methylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride) copolymers and derivatives.

The relative areas of the GC chromatograms obtained from the pyrolyzates from the dead methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer and the corresponding macroradical are shown in Figure 4. 

Divinyl Ether-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer and Its Derivatives Toxicity and Immunological and Endocytic Behavior... 

Polyimidoamine based on olefm/maleic anhydride copolymer and N-aminoethylpiperazine 0.5 ... 

Thermoplastic alloy of styrene maleic anhydride copolymer and polybutylene terephthalate. Has improved dimensional stability and tensile strength. Processed by injection molding. Also called SMA PBT Alloy. 

ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, Terpolymer styrene-acrylonitrile-maleic anhydride copolymer, and MA mole% of maleic anhydride in the terpolymer. 

Foster and Lindt developed models for devolatilization in connection with reactive extrusion (27,28). In later work it has been described that in a reflux flask reactor a significant acceleration of a transesterification reaction could be achieved if a boiling inert hydrocarbon solvent was present (29). The same significant enhancement was found in reactive extrusion with simultaneous devolatilization, during a monoesterification reaction between styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and alcohol (30). 

Polyrn rS. Polymeric monolayers are formed either by spreading preformed polymers or by polymerizing reactive monomers on the water surface. A large variety of preformed polymers has been studied, including polyacrylates and polymethacrylates, poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl fiuoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), (12), silicone copolymers, maleic anhydride copolymers, and polypeptides (1). Monomers that have been successfully polymerized at the air-water interface include derivatives of aniline (13), vinyl alcohol (14), and styrene (15). In addition to the interesting chemistry and the two-dimensional structural control, polymer LB Aims are much more robust than films formed from straight-chain amphiphiles. 

Chitanu, G.C., Popescu, I. Carpov, A. (2006). Synthesis and Characterization of Maleic Anhydride Copolymers and Their Derivatives. 2 New Data on the Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride with Vinyl Acetate. Revue Roumaine de Chimie, Vol. 51, No. 9, (September 2006), pp. (923-929), ISSN 0035-3930... 

G.C. Chitanu, I. Popescu and A. Carpov, Synthesis and characterization of maleic anhydride copolymers and their derivatives. 1. Addition polymerization - literature survey. Rev. Roum. Chim., 50, 7-8, 589-599, 2005. 

G. Karakus, H.B. Zengin, Z.A. Polat, A.F. Yenidunya, and S. Aydin, Citotoxicity of three maleic anhydride copolymers and common solvents used for polymer solvatation, Polym. Bull.,70,1591-1612, 2013. 

E. Bacu, G.C. Chitanu, A. Couture, P. Grandclaudon, G. Singurel, and A. Carpov, Potential drug delivery systems from maleic anhydride copolymers and phenothiazine derivatives, Eur. Polym. J., 38,1509-1513, 2003. 

C.W. Woodruff, G.E. Peck, and G.S. Banker, Dissolution of alkyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymers and esther derivatives,/. Pharm. Sci., 61 (12), 1916-1921,1972. 

A. Shulkin, and H.D.H. Stover, Polymer microcapsules by interfacial polyaddition between styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers and amines, /. Membrane ScL, 209,421-432,2002. 

Additional cell culture experiments were carried out on patterned 3D substrates in order to combine the spatial constraints of a stem cell niche with the influence of different extracellular matrix components of its microenvironment. Therefore, sihcone molds of cavities with a size of 10 to 80 p,m and a depth of 10 pim were coated with reactive maleic anhydride copolymers and subsequently reconstituted assembUes of collagen fibrils and cofibrils were immobilized on top of it. Hematopoietic stem cells were seeded onto these functionalized cell carriers. Depending on the size of the cavities cells differentially adhered to these structmes as exemplarily shown in the inset of Fig. 10. In initial experiments adhesion and proliferation was followed over a time period of 3 days. As shown in Fig. 10 the cells tend to preferentially adhere to an intermediate size of cavities. This result points to a balanced equilibrium of cell-ceU contacts and cell-matrix contacts for the homing and proUferation of hematopoietic stem cells, which is in agreement with the observed small hematopoietic stem cell clnsters foimd in vivo [113]. Fm-ther experiments will foUow np on these observations in order to imravel the influence of different extracellular matrix compositions combined with microcavities. 

Polymeric anhydrides can be prepared by the above techniques and are beginning to find various commercial uses. These are the styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers and the alkyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymers. The use of maleic acid or itaconic acid is widely used in the polymer field to give copolymers with anhydride functionality. 

Billiani and co-workers [90] observed that pyrolysis of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and styrene diethyl maleate at 450 °C produced products of toluene, ethyl benzene, styrene monomer from the maleic anhydride and diethyl fumarate copolymers and styrene oligomers from the styrene diethyl maleate copolymers. 

Tables 2 and 3 give the results of haze reduction for the polymeric red and polymeric yellow dye, respectively, based on the type of analysis described for Figure 2. Haze reductions in both the red and yellow polymeric dye were observed with the addition of both polyethylene-based Zn ionomer and polypropylene-alt-maleic anhydride copolymer. The polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride copolymers were not effective in reducing haze in the polymeric red, but did show haze reduction in the yellow, although relatively higher loadings of this wax were necessary to give similar results to the Zn ionomer or the PP-alt-MA materials. The polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride copolymer, the succinic anhydride- terminated isotactic PP, and the PP homopolymer wax did not reduce haze with the polymeric red. The C30 a-olefin-alt-maleic anhydride copolymer and the polyethylene-based calcium ionomer both produced increases in haze when molded with the polymeric red.

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