Maleic anhydride synthesis—

Route (b), using acetylIde ion, has been used for the synthesis of (26) which did Indeed give the right dlastereoisomer of (23) with maleic anhydride. Synthesis... 

Particle coating Maleic anhydride synthesis Pyrolysis of oil shale Fluidized catalytic cracking... 

A problem that must be carefully considered is the occurrence of side- and consecutive reactions. This is especially important for alkane activation, because severe reaction conditions are necessary to activate the C-H bonds. When reactions are fast, as in the HCN and acetylene syntheses, rapid quenching of the reaction products is possible. Another way of affecting selectivity is to limit the partial pressure of reactants, thus also reducing the partial pressure of the desired product. In this way in the maleic anhydride synthesis conversion is limited by diluting the gas and limiting the amount of oxygen available for the reaction. 

As described above, butylene is employed as part of the feedstock in maleic anhydride synthesis (Table 3, entry 27). Process conditions are similar but, because of the pricing of feedstocks, butane oxidation is mainly employed. 

Fluidized beds have been used extensively for physical operations (e.g., adsorption and heat exchanger), chemical synthesis (e.g., acrylonitrile synthesis and maleic anhydride synthesis), metallurgical and mineral processes (e.g., roasting of sulfide ores, resid hydro-treating, and reduction of iron oxide), and other applications, such as coal combustion and microorganism cultivation. 

Preparation of VOHPOr-O.SHaO and (V0)2P207 performance for maleic anhydride synthesis... 

Centi, G. Trifuro, F. Ebner, J.R. Franchetti, V.M., Mechanistic Aspects of Maleic Anhydride Synthesis... 

G. Centi, F. Trifiro, J. R. Ebner, and V. M. Franchetti, Medianistic aspects of maleic anhydride synthesis from C4 hydrocarbons over phosphorus vanadium oxide. Chemical Reviews, vol. 88, pp. 55-80,1988. 

Industrial V/P/O-based catalysts can differ in the type of chemistry involved in the different stages, in the nature of the promoters added, and in the type of reactor technology employed for maleic anhydride synthesis. 

Table 1.4 Potential for Improved Process Efficiency of Maleic Anhydride Synthesis from Butane...

Centi G., Manenti I., Riva A. and Trifiro F. (1984). The ehemistry of catalysts based on vanadium-phosphorus oxides Note HI Catalytic hehaviour of different phases in 1-butene oxidation to maleic anhydride, AppL Catal., 9, pp. 177-190 Centi G., Trifiro F., Ebner J.R. and Franchetti V.M. (1988). Mechanistie aspects of maleic anhydride synthesis from C4 hydrocarbons over phosphorus vanadium oxide, Chem. Rev., 88, pp. 55-80. 

Alder, K., Pascher, I., and Achmito, A., Oligoisoprene grafted with maleic anhydride. Synthesis and characterization, Chem. Ber., 76B, 27, 1943. 

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