Maleic acid anhydride copolymer

A recent addition to this field is the polymer-supported di(2-pyridyl)-methylamine-palladium dichloride complex covalently attached to a styrene-alt-maleic acid anhydride copolymer. Turnover numbers as high as 105 were reported and a couple of microwave-heated Suzuki-Miyaura reactions could be performed in neat water [134], 2-Pyridinealdoxime-based Pd(II)-... 

The cytotoxic neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a small protein (Mw 12 kD) associated with a low molecular weight chromophore. NCS is rapidly cleared by the kidney and its cytotoxicity is non-cell specific. To modify its disposition, two poly(styrene-co-maleic acid anhydride) copolymers (Mw 1,500) have been coupled to one molecule of NCS, to give styrene-maleic-anhydride-neocarcinostatin (SMANCS) systems. 

Kaneda Y, Yamamoto Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda S, Tsutsumi Y, Hirano T, Mayumi Y (1998) Antitumor activity of tumor necrosis factor alpha conjugated with divinyl ether and maleic acid anhydride copolymer on solid tumors in mice. Cancer Res 58 290-295... 

Figure 11. IR spectrum of the styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer exposed to glacial acetic acid.

Ilhlmann, R, Skorupa, S., Werner, C., Grundke, K. (2005). Characterization of maleic acid/anhydride copolymer films by low-rate dynamic hquid-fluid contact angle measurements using axisymmetric drop shape analysis. Langmuir, 21, 6302-6307. 

The first type is a standard polysoap derived from a polymerizable surfactant leading to poly(sodium 11-acryloyloxyundecane-l-sulfonate) PSl whereas the second polysoap is an alternating copolymer of maleic acid anhydride and acrylamide leading to a polymer with carboxylic acid groups and hydrophobic n-alkylamide groups PS2 (see Fig. 6.9). The organometaUic catalyst was not covalently bound to the polysoaps in the catalytic experiments. 

In a very recent publication, Bergbreiter, and co-workers studied the extension of this concept using the pH value as a regulatory variable [20 b]. A phosphine-modified polyacid (a copolymer from methyl vinyl ether and maleic acid anhydride, Gantrez ) was taken as a ligand for rhodium. The rate of hydrogenation of various unsaturated substrates was reversibly modified by tuning the pH value. 

Powder coatings are also formed from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (see Section 3.4). Copolymers of ethylene with maleic acid (anhydride) of low molecular mass are water-soluble, form salts, and undergo cross-linking reactions. 

Synonyms Sodium maleic acid/olefin copolymer DeTrnition Sodium salt of a polymer synthesized from C4-12 olefins and maleic anhydride... 

Fig. 5.22. Reduced viscosity function of the pH of a solution of the ampholytic copolymer poly(maleic acid anhydride-co-A/-methyldiallylamine) in H2O. Data from [83]. The reduced viscosity has a minimum at the isoelectric point...

Most methods for the determination of carboxyl groups in polymers are based on titration techniques including, for example, the following copolymers acrylic acid - itaconic acid [29], acrylic acid - ethyl acrylate [30] and maleic acid-styrene [31]. High-frequency titration has been applied [32] to the analysis of itaconic acid - styrene and maleic acid - styrene copolymers and ethyl esters of itaconic anhydride - styrene copolymers. The method can also be used to detect traces of acidic impurities in polymers and in the identification of mixtures of similar acidic copolymers. Titration indicates that the acid segments in the copolymers of itaconic acid - styrene and maleic acid - styrene, and the homopolymer polyitaconic acid, act as dibasic acids. The method has a sensitivity that permits identification and approximate resolntion of two carboxylate species in the same polymer, for example ... 

One can of course ask why only PEG is chosen for protein modification instead of other polymers. Actually, very few examples of conjugation with other polymers have been reported so far, the most successful being the poly(styrene-co-maleic acid/anhydride) derivative of neocardnostatin (SMANCS) developed by Maeda [118]. The main reason Hes in the mono-functionahty of mPEG that avoids a cross-linking reaction with the polyfunc-tionalized proteins. The usual natural or synthetic polymers present multiple points of attachment in the same molecule. This is the case of polysaccharide, for instance, but also for the extensively studied poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) copolymers (HPMA) [119]. 

An important class of ethylene copolymers consists of terpolymers with maleic acid anhydride and acrylic esters, of the following general structure [54] ... 

The incorporation of small amounts of maleic anhydride or maleic acid into copolymers of vi-... 

Trade Names Alcosperse 175 Sokalan CP 5 Sokalan CP 5 Powder Sokalan CP 7 Sokalan CP 7 Granules Sokalan CP 7 Powder Sokalan CP 45 Sokalan CP 45 Granules Sokalan CP 45 Powder Maleic acid anhydride. See Maleic anhydride Maleic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester. See Bis (2-ethyihexyi) maieate Maleic acid copolymer, sodium sail... 

Low molecular weight (1000—5000) polyacrylates and copolymers of acryflc acid and AMPS are used as dispersants for weighted water-base muds (64). These materials, 40—50% of which is the active polymer, are usually provided in a Hquid form. They are particularly useful where high temperatures are encountered or in muds, which derive most of their viscosity from fine drill soHds, and polymers such as xanthan gum and polyacrylamide. Another high temperature polymer, a sulfonated styrene maleic—anhydride copolymer, is provided in powdered form (65,66). AH of these materials are used in relatively low (ca 0.2—0.7 kg/m (0.5—2 lb /bbl)) concentrations in the mud. 

Over the past years considerable attention has been paid to the dispersing system since this controls the porosity of the particle. This is important both to ensure quick removal of vinyl chloride monomer after polymerisation and also to achieve easy processing and dry blendable polymers. Amongst materials quoted as protective colloids are vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymers, fatty acid esters of glycerol, ethylene glycol and pentaerythritol, and, more recently, mixed cellulose ethers and partially hydrolysed polyfvinyl acetate). Much recent emphasis has been on mixed systems. 

An interesting application of this reaction was the use of macro-molecular anhydrides, namely, styrene-maleic anhydride or vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymers in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst, these copolymers acylate mesityl oxide or d rpnone to macromolecular pyrylium salts which, with aryl substituents, are fluorescent.No crystalline products could be obtained from succinic anhydride because of the solubility and ease of decarboxylation. 

It was found that [Ru(l,10 phenanthroline)3] and [Ru(2,2 -bipyrazine)3 ] complexes can photosenstize the polymerization acrylamide in aqueous solution [57]. A similar mechanism to that shown in Scheme (34) is suggested. However, maleic acid (MA) comonomer is used as a strong photoelectron doner in the [Ru(2,2 -bipyrazine)]-acrylamide/TEA relay system. The high-molecular weight, 7.7 x 10 g/mol, of the acrylamide-maleic anhydride random copolymer is obtained. 

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