Hazards potential

Quantitative Fire and Explosion Index (FExplosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 1994 Lees, 1980, pp. 149-160). The F EI is used to rate the potential of hazard from fires and explosions. Its purpose is to quantify damage from an incident. It identifies equipment that could contribute to an incident and ways to mitigate possible incidents. It is a way to communicate to management the quantitative hazard potential. 

Much information can be understood by a review of certain thermophysical properties of materials and mixtures. In comparing the values of heats of reaction, heats of decomposition and CART to values for known hazardous compounds, an estimation of thermal hazard potential can be made. Table A.2 outlines thermal hazard ranking values that could be used in classifying materials and processes based on heats of reaction and CART determinations (Melhem and Shanley 1997). 

The system should be designed so as to provide levels of protection appropriate to the hazard potential... 

Melhem, G. A., and E. S. Shanley. 1997 On the Estimation of Hazard Potential for Chemical Substances, Process Safety Progress, 15(3), Pall. 

Some toll processes lend themselves to test runs in the pre-startup phase. Actual materials for the toll may be used in the test or substitute materials, typically with low hazard potential, are often used to simulate the charging, reaction, and physical changes to be accomplished in the toll. Flow control, temperature control, pressure control, mixing and transferring efficiency can be measured. Mechanical integrity can be verified in regard to pumps, seals, vessels, heat exchangers, and safety devices. 

These measures prevent hazardous potentials from developing on conductors at the greatest anticipated charging current. This does not require a short circuit since charging currents are typically less than 100 juA. Depending on the system, allowable resistance to ground may be 1 or more. 

On and off the job, everyone is exposed to a great variety of chemical and physical agents, most of which do no harm under ordinary circumstances, but all of which have the potential for being injurious at some level and under some conditions of exposure. How a material is used is the major determinant of the hazard potential. 

Is it possible to dilute hazardous raw materials to reduce the hazard potential For example ... 

The amount and type of hazards will determine the performance standard specified in site-specific control plans. This includes the content, detail, and formality of review. The approval of the plans is based on risk and hazard potential. Using the hazard-based approach, levels of risk or methods to rank risk (degree) are standardized. 

Prior to beginning any training activity, exact training needs should be identified. Training needs may vary based on hazards, potential exposures, work requirements, roles and responsibilities, job descriptions, and compliance requirements. Job hazard analyses and employee surveys... 

Brasie, W. C. 1976. The hazard potential of chemicals. AIChE Loss Prevention. 10 135-140. 

This is a situation where a plant appears to be operating successfully, without a major human error problem. However, management are interested in assessing the systems in the plant from the point of view of minimizing the error potential. This type of exercise is particularly relevant for plants dealing with substances or processes with high hazard potential, for example, in terms of... 

For the overwhelming majority of substances encountered in industry, there are not enough data on toxic responses of humans to permit an accurate or precise assessment of the substance s hazard potential. Frequently, the only data available are from controlled experiments conducted with laboratory animals. In such cases, it is necessary to extrapolate from effects observed in animals to effects likely to occur in... 

To identify areas of die design drat may possess a significant hazard potential... 

Depending on the nature of tlie change, physical clianges occurring during operations may increase tlie potential for fire, explosion, and hcaltli liazards of a product. Some general factors tliat increase the hazard potential are ... 

Determination of the hazard potential and designing to eliminate the hazard is one element of the solution. The use of carefully designed accelerated and continuous prototype testing is another element. The instruction in use and proper maintenance procedure is the third element. By exercising judgment as to the appropriate combination of these elements consistent with the economic factors involved, the designer can have a product that will perform for its projected design life with... 

SI sol in w (1.7ml/100ml) 0.6ml w dissolves in 100ml of 2-Nitropropane misc with many org solvents. Prepn, toxicity, hazard potential and uses are the same as for 1-Nitropropane... 

In male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was a dose-related increase in testicular Leydig cell tumors and a slight increase in tubular renal adenocarcinoma at the 600-ppm exposure level after exposure for 104 weeks (Maltoni et al. 1986, 1988). EPA and other groups regard such increases as indicative of a hazard potential unless there are reasons to rule this out. However, other authorities believe testicular tumors are common in rats that are not exposed to toxic substances. 

Another reaction with hazardous potential is the synthesis of methyl isocyanate from mefhylformamide, which was investigated using a micro reactor in industry [74],... 

In addition, particularly micro-channel processing is demanded here as the reaction is dangerous owing to the explosive nature of the endoperoxide formed as intermediate. This handling of explosive or toxic compounds for Diels-Alder reactions is also described in [21]. Owing to the use of only small volumes, the hazardous potential can be substantially minimized. This was exemplarily shown for the addition of singlet oxygen. 

Proces.s Energy High, medium, or low Typical A//r [kJ/mol] Chemical hazard potential... 

JRB Associates (1980). Methodology for rating the hazard potential of waste disposal sites. JRB Associates, McLean, VA. 

When chemicals are released in the environment, their hazard potential to human or ecological receptors depends upon the extent of contact between the receptors and the chemical. This exposure level is not only influenced by where, when and how much of the chemical is released, but also on its movement and changes in air, water, soil or biota relative to the locations of the receptors. Risk is defined as the probability of some adverse consequence in the health context, or as the probability times the extent of the consequence in the technology context. In this paper we shall examine and discuss how mathematical models are used to generate estimates of risk when more than one of the environmental media must be considered in tracing pathways connecting sources with receptors. The principal objective here is to place in perspective the... 

Maximizing the use of existing information, including the reasons for producing a chemical and its uses, as well as knowledge of its toxic hazard potential. 

Abstract The mercury-bearing lamps, towards the end-of-life, pose significant hazard potential due to the likely release of mercury. Though, these fluorescent lamps (FLs) release relatively less quantity of mercury when disposed as compared to other mercury-based products, they are still a concern due to the large and further growing number of FLs in service, particularly, in the domestic sector and then-fragile nature. 

Interaction of potent oxidants and reducants is invariably highly energetic and of high hazard potential. 

The more reactive ethylene oxide clearly shows much higher self-heating rates and hazard potential than its higher homologue, though more detailed work is needed to quantify the differences [3],... 

A drum of crude product containing unreacted propylene oxide and sodium hydroxide catalyst exploded and ignited, probably owing to base-catalysed exothermic polymerisation of the oxide [1]. A comparative ARC study of the runaway exothermic polymerisation of ethylene oxide and the less reactive propylene oxide in presence of sodium hydroxide solutions, as typical catalytically active impurities, has been done. The results suggest that the hazard potential for propylene oxide is rather less than that for the lower homologue, though more detailed work is needed to quantify the difference [2],... 

The oxidising power and hazard potential of nitric acid increases progressively with increase in strength from the cone, acid (70 wt%) through fuming acids (above... 

Schafer, E.W., Jr., W.A. Bowles, Jr., and J. Hurlbert. 1983. The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12 355-382. 

Diazinon degrades rapidly in plants, with half-time persistence usually less than 14 days. However, persistence increases as temperatures decrease, and is longer in crops with a high oil content (Table 16.1). In water, diazinon breaks down to comparatively nontoxic compounds with little known hazard potential to aquatic species (Meier et al. 1976 Jarvinen and Tanner 1982), although the degradation rate is highly dependent on pH (Table 16.1). The half-time persistence of... 

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