Copolymers of maleic anhydride

Gilsonite is active as a fluid loss additive because the permeability of cement is reduced. Latex additives also act as fluid loss additives. They also act as bonding aids, gas migration preventers, and matrix intensifiers. They improve the elasticity of the cement and the resistance to corrosive fluids [921]. A styrene-butadiene latex in combination with nonionic and anionic surfactants shows less fluid loss. The styrene-butadiene latex is added in an amount up to 30% by weight of the dry cement. The ratio of styrene to butadiene in the latex is typically 2 1. In addition, a nonionic surfactant (octylphenol ethoxylate and polyethylene oxide) or an anionic surfactant, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate [719] can be added in amounts up to 2%. 

Polymers having ionisable groups along the chain are known as polyelectrolytes. They generally exhibit properties in solution which are quite different from those with non-ionisable structures. Examples of polyelectrolytes include polyacids like poly (acrylic acid) and hydrolysed copolymers of maleic anhydride, polybases like poly (vinyl amine) and poly (4-vinyl pyridine), polyphosphates, nucleic acids, and proteins. 

The data presented here constitute part of the results attained in the development of a research project funded by the European Community (EC) and performed in cooperation with three independent European companies [6]. Hybrid polymeric materials based on intimate blends of human serum albumin (HSA), alkyl hemiesters of alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride (MAn), and vinyl ethers of monomethoxyoligoethylene glycols (PEGVE) were selected as biocompatible matrices for the formulation of the nanoparticles. 

The preparation and characterization of alternating copolymers of Maleic anhydride (MAn) and poly (ethylene glycol-vinyl ether) as well as their chemical conversions to provide various alkyl hemiesters (Scheme 1) have been described elsewhere [7]. The matrices are quoted as PAMm z, where m represent the number of oxyethylene units in R and n the number of carbon atoms in R. Human serum albumin (HSA) was provided by Isti-tuto Sierovaccinogeno Italiano SpA, Italy. 

A variety of techniques have been used in the present work to establish the relative sensitivity of positive electron-beam resists made from copolymers of maleic anhydride (Table I). The term sensitivity is used rather loosely at times. In the most practical sense, sensitivity is a comparative measure of the speed with which an exposure can be made. Thus, the exposure conditions, film thickness, developing solvent and temperature may be involved. Most often, the contrast curve is invoked as a more-or-less objective measure of sensitivity. The dose needed to allow removal of exposed film without removing more than about 70% of the unexposed film can be a measure of sensitivity. The initial film thickness and the developing conditions still must be specified so that this measure is not, strictly speaking, an intrinsic property of the polymeric material. 

Another measure of sensitivity can be obtained from the rate of dissolution of exposed versus unexposed film at various doses. The amount of energy needed to obtain some arbitrary ratio of rates or the exponent of the dissolution rate ratio versus dose at high doses may be used. In the present study, both a contrast curve and a solubility rate ratio versus dose data are reported for the copolymer of maleic anhydride with alphamethylstyrene. However, these tests are burdensome when many materials are to be screened... 

Figure 1. Sensitivity curve for a perfectly alternating copolymer of maleic anhydride with a-methylstyrene. A 50 keV beam was used.

Multicomponent Systems from Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride and Vinyl Monomers... 

Comparable results were observed for the copolymerization of maleic anhydride and methyl methacrylate (8 = 10.8 for copolymer), methyl acrylate (8 = 10.7 for copolymer), and butyl methacrylate (8 = 10.7 for copolymer). However, the copolymers of maleic anhydride and stearyl methacrylate (8 = 10.3) and maleic anhydride and isobutyl methacrylate (8 = 10.4) have lower solubility parameter values, and hence, a slow homogeneous copolymerization was observed when these monomers were copolymerized with maleic anhydride in benzene. 

MAn/MMI copolymer of maleic anhydride and monomethyl ether of itaconic add... 

A first successful attenpt to split water photochemically this way was made by us in 1979 (Ji2). A copolymer of maleic anhydride and styrene was used as a protective agent for the Pt sol. This is suitable to achieve selectivity since it provides functions with pronounced hydrophobicity. Of the redox products formed in the li t reaction MV is relatively hydrophobic and will therefore interact with the Pt. Ru(bipy)j on the other hand is prone to interact with the hydrophilic and negatively charged RUO2 surface. One disadvantage of this system is that the quant an yield of water splitting is small and that... 

Title Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride by Stable Free Radical Polymerization... 

These methods of the reaction between 9-anthryldiazomethane and carboxylic groups of macromolecules permit to bond LM to side groups of synthetic and natural polymers and copolymers of acrylic and vinylbenzoic acids hydrolyzed copolymers of maleic anhydride , carboxymethylcellulose comb-like alkyl acrylates , polyglutamic acid and other synthetic polypeptides as well as proteins, such as invertase or ribonuclease l... 

Finally the results recently reported by DUBIN and Strauss are certainly worth mentioning, Potentiometric titration of alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride and n-butyl ether indicates that there occurs a conformational transition which is not exhibited by a copolymer of maleic anhydride and ethyl vinyl ether (Fig. 7). The anomalous behavior of the butyl copol3mier is clearly cormected with the establishment of hydrophobic interactions among the butyl groups. Dubin and Strauss conclude that the maleic anhydride and n-butyl vinyl ether copolymer is hypercoiled in dilute aqueous solution. These authors also point out that the behavior of the latter copolymer is identical with that previously found for highly charged polysoaps. 

The comparison of the pyrogram of polyisoprene-gra/f-maleic anhydride with that of polyisoprene shows no significant difference. Neither 2,5-furandione nor dihydro-2,5-furandione were detected in the pyrogram of polyisoprene-graff-maleic anhydride. The same absence was noticed for other graft copolymers of maleic anhydride, such as for poly(ethylene-graff-maleic anhydride) (see Section 6.1). 

Recently a rhodium water-soluble polymer-bound catalyst, based on the commercially available copolymer of maleic anhydride and methyl vinyl ether, was shown to be very active in the hydrogenation of various substrates in basic aqueous media [25]. 

No formaldehyde is used in the process, so that none is released. Copolymers of maleic anhydride should also be useful in this application and might be cheaper than the tetracarboxylic acid.305... 

Thus, each molecule destroys more than one radical chain. A variety of analogues of higher molecular weight, often oligomeric polymers, is available commercially for use in fibers and films, where the one shown (see 13.11) might be too volatile.21 Another method that has been used to reduce volatility is to react a hindered piperidinol or aminopiperidine with a graft copolymer of maleic anhydride on polypropylene to form an ester and amide, respectively (13.12).22... 

His research contributions to polymer chemistry span many areas, from studies of alternating copolymers of maleic anhydride and vinyl ether ( pyran copolymer ) having interferon inducing capability and antitumor activity, to polymerization of triazoline diones and synthesis of the antiaromatic 3,3-dimethoxycyclopropene. 

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been employed frequently as a water-soluble catalyst support [9]. Further water-soluble polymers investigated include other linear polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) [10], poly(N-alkylacrylamide)s [11], and copolymers of maleic anhydride and methylvinylether [12], as well as dendritic materials such as poly(ethyleneimin) [10a, c] or PEO derivatives of polyaryl ethers [13]. The term dendritic refers to a highly branched, tree-like structure and includes perfectly branched dendrimers as well as statistically branched, hyperbranched macromolecules. 

Photosensitized crosslinking of polymers has been the subject of numerous publications [l - 30], concerned mainly with poly(ethylene), poly(vinyl alcohol), various vinyl copolymers, copolymers of maleic anhydride and/or phtalic anhydride with styrene and some polymers derivated from cinnamic acid. The following compounds were used as sensitizers benzophenone, 4-chloro- and 4,4-dimethylbenzophenone [l, 3-6, 8, 9l, oC -and -derivatives of anthraquinone [3, 23] acetophenone, hydroquinone, triphenylmethane and pyridine li.] chlorobenzene and no less than trichlorinated n-paraffins [6], a complex of zink chloride with o-dia-nizidine fill potassium bichromate [l2j, anthracene fl3, 14] 2,5-methoxy-4-amino-trans-stilbene [l5], benzyl ideneacetophenone fl6-l8] -thiophenylacetophenone,... 

Materials. Two samples of polyacrylic acid, PAA-1 (4) and PAA-2, were obtained as gifts from S. C. Johnson Company. Their degrees of polymerization were 3090 and 4420, respectively, as calculated from the intrinsic viscosities of their sodium salts in 0.102V NaBr at 15°C using the appropriate relation of Takahashi and Nagasawa (5). The samples of the hydrolyzed copolymers of maleic anhydride witn ethylene (HEMA) and with methyl vinyl ether (HVMEMA) have been described previously (4). 

Commercially available water soluble copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene and methyl vinyl ether (presumably partially hydrolyzed to vicinal carboxylic acids) and triphenylsulfonium triflate were dissolved in water as a casting solvent. Spin-cast films were baked at 130 °C for 10 s, exposed to 254 nm radiation, and postexposure-baked at 130 °C for 40 s. Development with pure water provided negative tone images, presumably due to acid-catalyzed dehydration between vicinal carboxylic acids to form less polar anhydride, as was demonstrated for polarity reversal (4.3.1). However, a copolymer of maleic acid with methyl vinyl ether failed to provide any negative images,... 

Synthetic weak polyelectrolytes provide hydrophobic microdomains in the low pH range. Typical examples are poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) (i-3), copolymers of maleic anhydride and n-alkylvinyl ethers (n = 4-9) 4, 5), and copolymers of maleic anhydride and styrene or methylstyrene (6). The compact polymer coils are formed only in acidic solution, but the compact conformation is converted into the extended rod or coil form at high pH because of repulsion of ionized carboxyl groups. At low pH, many hydrophobic molecules can be hosted by the polymer coils, a condition that disappears at high pH. However, a hydrophobic environment is required... 

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