Production, primary

Reaction with Nitrous Acid. Primary, secondary, and tertiary aromatic amines react with nitrous acid to form a variety of products. Primary aromatic amines form diazonium salts. ... 

Total smelter output in the United States has been growing steadily since 1982 because of the growth in antimony oxide production. Primary antimony metal output has decreased since the 1970s because of the falling demand for antimony metal, and the availabihty of low cost metal from China. 

A considerable amount of hydrobromic acid is consumed in the manufacture of inorganic bromides, as well as in the synthesis of alkyl bromides from alcohols. The acid can also be used to hydrobrominate olefins (qv). The addition can take place by an ionic mechanism, usually in a polar solvent, according to Markownikoff s rule to yield a secondary alkyl bromide. Under the influence of a free-radical catalyst, in aprotic, nonpolar solvents, dry hydrogen bromide reacts with an a-olefin to produce a primary alkyl bromide as the predominant product. Primary alkyl bromides are useful in synthesizing other compounds and are 40—60 times as reactive as the corresponding chlorides (6). 

Some azoliums give open-chain products primary and secondary amines with 1,2-dithiolyliums generally give (188) (80AHC(27)l5l). 

Axial alcohols e.g. 60) are formed predominantly when platinum is used in moderately acidic media. The use of acetic acid alone as solvent affords the equatorial alcohol as the main product from both and 7-keto compounds. Addition of 2-10% of a strong acid e.g. hydrochloric acid) to this solvent leads to the axial alcohol as the primary, if not the exclusive, product. Primary and secondary alcohols may be converted in part to the corresponding acetates under these conditions. 

Extension of this reaction to other substrates, however, revealed that it is more complex, and that side products are formed depending on (1) the nature of the substrate, (2) the reaction conditions, e.g. temperature and solvent,and (3) the method of work-up." Thus, in addition to the desired substitution products, primary and secondary hydroxy steroids generally yield esters and ethers and undergo simple dehydration as well as dehydration accompanied by rearrangement. 

The major release mechanism for many chemicals, however, is associated with use of the chemical or of chemical-containing products. Primary uses include combustion of fuels, industrial uses, commercial uses, household and other consumer uses, deliberate applications in the environment (for example,... 

Catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles may result in several products primary, secondary, and tertiary amines imines hydrocarbons aldehydes amides and... 

Grignard reagents react with formaldehyde to give (after adding HC1 to the product) primary alcohols. 

Product Primary ( virgin ) Secondary (recovered) Total... 

Major sources of lead in Atlantic coast streams included wastes from metal-finishing industries, brass manufacturing, lead alkyl production, primary and secondary lead smelting, coal combustion, and manufacture of lead oxide. 

Element U.S. consumption, million metric tonnes U.S. Global production, Production, million metric million metric tonnes tonnes Reserves, million metric tonnes Years of Reserves at Current Global Production Rate (U.S.) per metric tonne U.S. consumption Global Production Primary Uses... 

When the C—H bond to be oxidized is proximate to a functional group, as we have stated already, its reactivity depends on the type of functional group. In the case of the hydroxy group, especially in secondary alcohols, these are more prone to dioxirane oxidation than their alkane precursors and, consequently, usually carbonyl products are obtained as the final product. Primary alcohols are less reactive, but may still be converted slowly to the corresponding aldehydes or carboxylic acids (due to the facile further oxidation of aldehydes)The functional-group transformation of the alcohols to ethers or acetals reduces the oxidative reactivity " but these C—H bonds are still more reactive than unfunctionalized ones. Thus, dioxirane oxidation of benzyl ether or acetal may... 

As seen in Tables II-IV, dialkylamines react with the substituted terminal acetylenes to give only trans-aminovinyl products. Primary aliphatic amines react with both ethyl propiolate and 1-ethylsulfonyl-l-propyne to give mixtures of cis and trans products and with p-tolylsulfonylacetylene to give only trans products. Ethylenimine reacts with ethyl propiolate and 1-ethylsulfonyl-l-propyne to give mixtures of cis and trans products. Aniline reacts with p-tolylsulfonylacetylene to give a mixture of cis and trans products. The solvent has a great effect on the cis- and trans ratio when ethylenimine is used. 

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines can add to aldehydes148 and ketones to give different kinds of products. Primary amines give imines.14 In contrast to imines in which the nitrogen... 

The relative 0 atom concentrations, for instance, that along the reaction vessel, may be determined from the limiting accumulation rate of one product (primary or secondary), since at a given temperature the fraction of oxygen atoms consumed by formation of this product is constant. 

Hydroxylation of arylamines with persulfate ion, or Boyland-Sims oxidation, gives ortho-substituted aminophenols in good yields [29]. As with the Elbs oxidation, the procedure is also carried out in two steps - first, treatment with the oxidant to obtain an aminophenyl sulfate ester and, second, hydrolysis to obtain the final product. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines can all be used in this reaction. The ortho product is formed, except when no ortho-positions are available, which leads to para-substitution. Electrophilic attack on the ipso-carbon is believed to be the most likely mechanism, although minor radical pathways also seem to be present. 

Reduction Nitriles and amides can be easily reduced to alkylamines using lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4). In the case of a nitrile, a primary amine is the only possible product. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines can be prepared from primary, secondary and tertiary amides, respectively. 

In addition to the above mentioned homolysis, peroxides can also be ionically decomposed leaving behind by-products. Primary and secondary peroxyesters decompose into the corresponding carbonic acids and carbonyl compounds during the hydrolysis reaction of tertiary peroxyesters leading to the formation of carbonic acids and hydroperoxides to give ... 

Name of product Composition of product Primary mode of action Method of manufacture... 

Fatty Amines. A variety of different fatty amines is used as intermediates for surfactant production. Primary amines are used to prepare alkoxylated amines. The primary amine is produced by reacting fatty acid with ammonia to form the nitrile followed by hydrogenation. Tertiary amines are used as an intermediate for producing betaine, amine oxide, and hydroxyl ethyl quat (HEQ). The tertiary amine is produced by reacting olefin with HBr followed by substitution with dimethylamine. 

Chromium trioxide, OO3 Oxidizes alcohols in aqueous acid to yield carbonyl-containing products. Primary alcohols yield carboxylic acids, and secondary alcohols yield ketones (Sections 17.7 and 19.3). 

Figure 8 Schematic of the stepwise hydrogenation of a nitrile to a primary amine via an imine and secondary reaction of the product primary amine with the imine intermediate.

The reasons of such behavior are connected with the differences in phase formation of solid product. Primary co-precipitation products appear to be soluble hydroxo-complexes of metals. Depending on rates of hydrolysis stages, the clusters of separate hydro-complexes or the clusters... 

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