Maleic anhydride grafted styrene acrylonitrile

Effect of different components in multicomponent blends based on polyamide 6 (PA 6) and styrenic polymers. Addition of a reactive compatibilizer maleic anhydride grafted styrene acrylonitrile (SANMA) changed the matrix-dispersed particle structure of PA6/styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) to a cocontinuous one. Replacement of part of SAN by polybutadiene particles led to a coarse cocontinuous structure (PA6/acrylobutadiene styrene [ABS]), which was refined after compatibUizer addition. SEM of cut surfaces etched in different solvents. (A) PA6/SAN = 50/50 wt%, SAN etched in tetrahydrofurane (B) PA6/ABS = 50/50 wt%, PA6 etched in formic add (C) PA6/ABS = 50/50 wt%, SAN etched in tetrahydrofurane (D) PA6/SAN+SANMA, PA6 etched in formic add (E) PA6/ABS+ SANMA, PA6 etched in formic add and (F) PA6/ABS = 50/50 wt%, PA6 etched in formic add. (From S. H. Jafari, P. Potschke, M. Stephan, G. Pompe, H. Warth, and H. Alberts, Polymer 43,6985-6922,2002. With permission.)... 

R. Qi, Z. Chen, and C. Zhou, Solvothermal preparation of maleic anhydride grafted onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS), Polymer, 46(12) 4098-4104, May 2005. 

PS = Polystyrene N6 = nylon 6 HOPE = high density polyethylene LDPE = low density polyethylene Nll= nylon 11 SAN = styrene acrylonitrile copolymer SMA = styrene-methaciylic acid copolymer MA-g-PP = maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene. 

Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene mixed with styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidylmethacry-late copolymer is used for the compatibiHzation of polypropylene and acrylonitril-butadiene-styrene blends [37]. 

Incorporation of maleic anhydride and styrene into cellulose produces a symmetrical amphiphilic graft copolymer. Poly(styrene-a/ acrylonitrile) has been grafted onto cellulose in the presence of zinc chloride [54]. Similarly poly(styrene-ran-maleic anhydride) has been grafted onto cellulose acetate, obtaining up to 70% graft yield [55]. Recently binary mixtures of styrene and maleic anhydride has been graft copolymerized onto cellulose extracted from Pinus needles by using a simultaneous irradiation method [56]. 

Modifications of epichlorohydrin elastomers by radical-induced graft polymeri2ation have been reported. Incorporated monomers include styrene and acrylonitrile, styrene, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, and vinyHdene chloride (81), acryHc acid (82), and vinyl chloride (81,83,84). When the vinyl chloride-modified epichlorohydrin polymers were used as additives to PVC, impact strength was improved (83,84). 

B.M. Rao, P.R. Rao, and B. Sreenivasulu, Grafting of maleic anhydride onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer Synthesis and characterization, Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng., 38(5) 967-977, November 1999. 

R. Qi, J. Qian, and C. Zhou, Modification of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer by grafting with maleic anhydride in the melt. I. Preparation and characterization, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90(5) 1249-1254, October 2003. 

Poly(phenylene oxide) Grafts and Blends Styrene-Acrylonitrile-Maleic Anhydride Terpolyraers Modifiers for Poly(vinyl chloride)... 

Recently, products composed of styrene, acrylonitrile, and maleic anhydride have been introduced as improvements over the older ABS materials. These products exhibit superior heat resistance and thermal stability in comparison to conventional ABS materials. In addition, the impact resistance of styrene-acrylonitrile-maleic anhydride terpolymers can be improved by the addition of or by grafting onto appropriate elastomers. The product also exhibits desirable rheological behavior due to polar interaction of anhydride groups during processing and drawing. 

In 1983, Monsanto developed blends with co-continuous morphology, Triax 2000. These alloys comprised PC, ABS, and styrene-methylmethac-rylate-maleic anhydride (SMMA-MA) [Jones and Mendelson, 1985]. One year later, PC was reactively blended with either ABS, SAN-GMA, and NBR, or with graft copolymers of acrylonitrile-butadiene-a-methyl styrene-methyl-methacrylate (MeABS) and acryloiutrile-a-methyl styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (MeSAN) [Kress et al., 1986]. The blends were commercialized by Bayer as Bayblend . 

In another approach, a small amount of maleic anhydride was copolymerized with styrene and acrylonitrile during the preparation of ABS by emulsion polymerization. The anhydride modified ABS was then melt blended with polyamide to form a compatibilized ABS/PA blend [Laven-good et al., 1986, 1987 Howe and Wolkowicz, 1987]. Obviously, a reaction between the anhydride functionality of ABS and the amine end group of polyamide leads to an in situ graft copolymer responsible for compatibilizing this blend. Monsanto s ABS/PA blends (Triax 1000... 

Block (or graft) copolymers have been obtained by the addition of styrene and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to acrylonitrile macroradicals, and add by the addition of methyl methacrylate or styrene to vinyl chloride macroradicalsBlock copolymers have also been produced by the addition of various vinyl monomers to styrene-maleic anhydride macroradicals (122) ... 

Graft copolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-maleic anhydride... 

Styrene and acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene, butadiene and styrene copolymer Styrene, ethylene, butylenes and styrene copolymer Styrene, ethylene, butylenes and styrene copolymer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate Styrene, ethylene, butylenes and styrene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride Styrene maleic anhydride Syndiotactic polystyrene... 

Compatibilization improves the morphological stability of polymer blends when block or graft copolymers are used by the introduction of steric hindrance to drop coalescence. A chemical approach is possible for formation of grafted PC with SAN chains at the PC/SAN interface. SAN-amine copolymer is prepared by reaction of a terpolymer of styrene, maleic anhydride, and acrylonitrile with l-(2aminoethyl) piperazine. The SAN-amine polymer is miscible with the SAN matrix of ABS and reacts with PC. The formation of graft polymer has resulted in the reduction of SAN dispersed-phase particle size. The blend morphology has been found to stabilize in the mixing process. 

A Monsanto patent by Lavengood [38] reported on the free radical copolymerization of styrene (S), acrylonitrile (AN) and maleic anhydride (MA) and the use of these terpolymers in the reactive compatibilization of PA6/ABS blends. Indeed, the amine end groups of nylon react with the MA groups of the terpolymer with formation of a graft copolymer at the interface. 

Other compounds reacting similarly via activated double bonds (excluding here block or graft copolymerization) include maleic acid, A-methyl-maleimide, chloromaleic anhydride, fumaric acid, y-crotonolactone,/7-benzoquinone, and acrylonitrile. Other polymers with unsaturated backbones, such as polybutadiene, copolymers of butadiene with styrene and with acrylonitrile, and butyl rubber, react in similar ways, but the recorded reaction with poly(vinyl chloride) is largely mechanochemical in nature (discussed later). 

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