Styrene maleic anhydride , composite

Styrene—maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers are used where improved resistance to heat is required. Processes similar to those used for SAN copolymers are used. Because of the tendency of maleic anhydride to form alternating copolymers with styrene, composition drift is extremely severe unless the polymerization is carried out in CSTR reactors having high degrees of back-mixing. 

Corrosion inhibiting compositions for metals subjected to highly acidic environments may be produced by reacting in a condensation reaction a styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymer with a polyamine to produce a polyimidoamine inhibitor [1568]. These inhibitors exhibit film-forming and film-persistency characteristics. Some relevant polyamines are listed in Table 6-2. 

Using the r and tz values from Table 6-2, construct plots showing the initial copolymer composition as a function of the comonomer feed composition for the radical copolymerizations of methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate and styrene-maleic anhydride. Are these examples of ideal or alternating copolymerization ... 

An appropriate formalism for Mark-Houwink-Sakurada (M-H-S) equations for copolymers and higher multispecies polymers has been developed, with specific equations for copolymers and terpolymers created by addition across single double bonds in the respective monomers. These relate intrinsic viscosity to both polymer MW and composition. Experimentally determined intrinsic viscosities were obtained for poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) in three solvents, DMF, THF, and MEK, and for poly(styrene-maleic anhydride-methyl methacrylate) in MEK as a function of MW and composition, where SEC/LALLS was used for MW characterization. Results demonstrate both the validity of the generalized equations for these systems and the limitations of the specific (numerical) expressions in particular solvents. 

The use of multidetector GPC greatly increases the power of SEC, particularly in the case of copolymers. For copolymers of styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), not only can the molecular weight distribution be determined, using a differential refractive index (DRI) detector, but also the compositional information of SMA (styrene content or acid number) by combining chromatograms from DRI and UV detectors [9]. 

A group of new, fully miscible, polymer blends consisting of various styrene-maleic anhydride terpolymers blended with styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and rubber-modified versions of these materials have been prepared and investigated. In particular the effects of chemical composition of the components on heat resistance and the miscibility behavior of the blends have been elucidated. Toughness and response to elevated temperature air aging are also examined. Appropriate combinations of the components may be melt blended to provide an enhanced balance of heat resistance, chemical resistance, and toughness. 

CdS nanofiber/poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) composites with CdS particles with diameter < 5nm and lengths in the range 70-100 nm [3] ... 

J. Simonsen, R. Jacobson and R. Rowell. Wood fiber reinforcement of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers. In Fourth International Conference on Woodflber-Plastic Composites, Madison, WI, May 12-14, 1997, pp. 215-220. 

Attempts have been made over time to improve the physical properties of novolacs. The use of phenol formaldehyde resins prepared in alkaline medium in photoresist compositions is mentioned in a Kalle Co. AG patent. The use of polyvinyl ethers in combination with novolacs to impart stickiness and plasticization action to the latter was patented by Christensen. Steinhoff, Isaacson, and Roelants of the Shipley Company mention the use of vinyl ethers in a patent on roller coating. Lower alkyl polyvinyl ethers, such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isobutyl, are added to novolac resins to improve coating flexibility and adhesion to metal surfaces as well as to improve resistance to mildly alkaline solutions. The use of styrene, methyl styrene, and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers in combination with novolac was mentioned in several patents of both Shipley and Kalle Co. AG. When novolac is copolymerized with maleic anhydride, a resin that is readily soluble in alkaline solutions is obtained. ... 

S. C. Tjong, R. K. Y. Li, and X. L. Xie. Compatibilizing effect of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer on the properties of polyamide-6/liquid crystalline copolyester composites. J. Appl. Polym. ScL, 77 1964-1974,2000. 

A similar study was performed by Wastlund et al. [1998] on blends of styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers. In this case, miscibility of the copolymers can be varied by varying their compositions. For example, copolymers containing, respectively, 24 wt% MA and 25 wt% AN (SMA24/SAN25) are miscible at all blend concentrations, as evidenced by a single Tg m whose concentration dependence follows the Fox equation [Fox, 1956] ... 

Most comonomers differ from styrene in polarity and reactivity. A desired copolymer composition can be achieved, however, through utilization of copolymerization parameters based on kinetic data and on quantum-chemical considerations. This is done industrially in preparations of styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-methyl methacrylate, and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers of different compositions. 

Using micro-Raman imaging three blends consisting of PP/PE/EPR copolymer, PBT/polycarbonate/LDPE, and SAN copolymer/styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer/polydimethylphenylene oxide were studied with regard to compositional and morphological heterogeneities (221). 

Papazoglou and Rosenthal[71] produced nylon blends having improved low-temperature properties. Moldable nylon-6 blends with improved low-temperature impact strength and reduced brittleness were prepared by melt blending nylon-6, maleic anhydride-g-ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, and rubber modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. The impact property of the rubber-modified nylon composition is given in Table 5. The blend components were melt blended at temperatures between 260 and 310 °C. As a standard, all three components of the blend were simultaneously melt blended (A). Nylon-6 was melted first and then the functionalized terpolymer was melt blended prior to downstream introduction of the rubber modified copolymer (B). Nylon-6 and the functionalized terpolymer were first melt blended and then the rubber modified copolymer was added to the melted mixture at a downstream feed port (C). 

Blends of styrenic pol5m ers (PS, high impact poly (styrene)) and biodegradable polymers (PLA) can be extruded and thermo-formed to produce very low density food service and consumer foam articles (29,31). The blends are compatibilized with styrene-based copolymers a styrene-maleic anhydride copol5mier, or a styrene methyl methacrylate copolymer. As blowing agent for foaming the compositions z-pentane is used. 

A dual-calibration method for the determination of molecular mass (M) and MMD of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers by SEC has been reported [24]. This method was applicable without preparative fractionation for copolymers of broad composition and M ranges. The values of and M for... 

DYGL Styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, SMA Polymer Composites... 

Butler and Campus [40] undertook a study to provide further evidence of the formation of the charge-transfer complex between the comonomers and of its participation in the cyclocopolymerization. The 1,4-diene used was divinyl ether (DVE) and the monoolefins were maleic anhydride (MA) and fumaronitrile (FN). The results of the determination of the composition of the charge-transfer complex formed between DVE-MA are shown in Figure 5. Acrylonitrile (AN) was used as the third monomer in the terpolymerization experiments. For comparison, the results of a complex study of styrene-maleic anhydride and ethyl vinyl ether (EVE)-maleic anhydride were also reported. The results of determination of the equilibrium constants for the DVE-MA and styrene-MA complexes by the NMR method are shown in Figure 6. The results... 

The composition and quantity of styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer resins were varied in emulsion copolymerisation of methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate conducted by both batch and semicontinuous processes. The resulting particle sizes and levels of coagulum were measured to determine the optimum conditions for incorporation of the SMA resins into the resulting latexes. A semicontinuous process, in which no buffer was included and the SMA was added in a second stage comonomer emulsion, was found to produce coagulum-free latexes. 13 refs. 

Various approaches have been undertaken for reactive compatibilization of poly-amide/ABS alloys. Maleic anhydride can be grafted to the ABS. Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers have been employed as compatibilizers for polyamide/ABS blends. SMA and SAN copolymers are miscible when the AN and maleic anhydride (MA) contents are equal. The impact strength of these blends has been found to be sensitive to the amount and composition of the SMA copolymer. Addition of SMA to SAN/polyamide blends was found to enhance the tensile and impact properties of these blends. Imidized acrylic polymers have been used as compatibilizers for nylon-6/ABS blends. Glycidyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (GMA/MMA) copolymers are used as compatibilizing agents. The epoxide functionality in GMA is capable of reaction with polyamide end groups. GMA/MMA copolymers can be shown to be miscible with SAN over the range of AN content of ABS. Styrene/GMA copolymers have been reported to be used as compatibilizers for polymer pairs such as... 

Polymer reaction monitoring has been studied by Siesler [36]. Optical-fiber remote NIRS has been used to monitor the composition of methyl methacrylate (MMA) during the polymerization process, the copolymer reaction of styrene/maleic anhydride with 6-aminohexanoic acid, and the structural changes during the formation of PET film. 

Wang Y. and Guo J., Melt compounding of PMMA/clay nanocomposites with styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers Effect of copolymer type on thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties. Polymer Composited 2010, 31, 596-603. 

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