Ethyl acrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer

Thermoplastic starch can also be blended with polyolefins [131 ]. In this case about 50% of thermoplastically processable starch is mixed with 40% of polyethylene and 10% of ethyl acrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer. During this mixing process an esterification reaction takes place between the maleic anydride groups in the copolymer and the free hydroxyl groups in starch. 

Freshly extruded, 50 tm C2H -ethyl acrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer film is treated by 500 ml/m oxygen containing 10 g/m ozone and is calendered with 200 tm monolayer C2CIF3 - polymer film at 15°C to produce moisture-proof packaging material with intra-layer adhesion of 800 g/15 mm and thermosealing force of 3.6 kg/15 mm against 250 and 1.3, respectively, in the absence of ozone treatment [119]. 

In order to improve the physical properties of HDPE and LDPE, copolymers of ethylene and small amounts of other monomers such as higher olefins, ethyl acrylate, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, or acryUc acid are added to the polyethylene. Eor example, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), although linear, has a significant number of branches introduced by using comonomers such as 1-butene or 1-octene. The linearity provides strength, whereas branching provides toughness. 

We have previously reported a practical and cost-effective method to obtain PDMS-polyolefin compounds by reactive melt mixing of an ethylene-ethyl acrylate-maleic anhydride (EEAMA) copolymer and aminopropyl terminated PDMS. In this study, the PDMS-modified polyolefin (PMPO) is used as a processing aid for the extrusion of a LLDPE. Improvements in extrudate surface quality and shear stress reduction after adding 5 wt% of PMPO with different levels of PDMS content are presented and related to changes in the surface free energy of the PMPO. The friction coefficients of PMPO and its compounds with LLDPE were measured in an effort to provide experimental support of the observed behavior. 

Yan et al. [52] explored the use of IPN techniques to produce a composite vinyl-acrylic latex. The first-formed polymer was produced using VAc and divinyl benzene (DVB), while the second formed polymer constituted a BA/DVB copolymer. In both cases the DVB was added at 0.4 wt%. They compared this product with another product, a bidirectional interpenetrating netwodc (BIPN) in which VAc was again polymerized over the first IPN. They noted that the compatibility between the phases was more pronounced in the BIPN than in the IPN as determined using dynamic mechanical measurements and C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concept of polymer miscibility has also been used to produce composite latex particles and thus modify the pafamance properties of VAc latexes. Bott et al. [53] describe a process whereby they bloid VAc/ethylene (VAc/E) copolymers with copolymers of acrylic acid or maleic anhydride and determine windows of miscibility. Apparently an ethyl acrylate or BA copolymer with 10-25 wt% AA is compatible with a VAc/E copolymer of 5-30 wt% ethylene. The information obtained from this woik was then used to form blends of latex polymers by polymerizing suitable mixtures of monomers into preformed VAc/E copolymers. The products are said to be useful for coating adhesives and caulks. 

Pinishes are applied to the PAN fiber to improve handling and include silicones (modified polysiloxanes) [132] and trimethylol propane-ethylene oxide adduct [133-135]. These finishes are burned off in the latter stages of stabilization, or in the initial stages of the low temperature carbonization furnace and the breakdown products should be volatile to permit removal. At one time, it was common practice to use adventitious sizes applied prior to the stabilization stage to protect the cosmetics of the oxidized fiber during oxidation. These sizes should preferably break down into gaseous components at about 200° C and typical sizes are the ammonium salt of polystyrene maleic anhydride copolymer, ethyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate and polyacrylic acid. 

Figure 14.9 Effect of various impact modifiers (25wt%) on the notched Izod impact strength of recycled PET (as moulded and annealed at 150°C for 16 h) E-GMA, glycidyl-methacrylate-functionalized ethylene copolymer E-EA-GMA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (72/20/8) terpolymer E-EA, ethylene-ethyl acrylate EPR, ethylene propylene rubber MA-GPR, maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber MBS, poly(methyl methacrylate)-g-poly(butadiene/styrene) BuA-C/S, poly(butyl acrylate-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) core/shell rubber. Data taken from Akkapeddi etal. [26]...

Macroradicals obtained by the copolymerization of equimolar quantities of styrene and maleic anhydride in benzene or in cumene were also used as initiators to produce block copolymers with methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and methyl acrylate. The yields of these block copolymers were less than those obtained with styrene, but as much as 38% of methyl methacrylate present in the benzene solution added to the macroradical to produce a block copolymer. The amount of ethyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate that was abstracted from the solution to form block copolymers was 35 and 20%. 

PMA homopolymer is also available as a neutralized salt and in several grades, often with precise molecular weight distributions, for special applications such as antiscalent duty in seawater distillation and sugar evaporator processes. Maleic anhydride chemistry has also been successfully developed to provide functional components in copolymers [examples are acrylic acid, maleic anhydride (AA/MA) and sulfonated styrene, maleic anhydride (SS/MA)] and terpolymers [example is maleic anhydride, ethyl acrylate, vinyl acrylate (MA/EA/VA)]. 

Examples of acid modified polyolefins are the copolymers of ethylene with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid. Variations include the partially neutralised acid copolymers with metal ions (ionomers) or terpolymers of ethylene, an acid and an acrylate such as methyl acrylate or isobutyl acrylate. Acid-containing extrudable adhesives are widely used to bond to aluminium foil. Examples of anhydride-modified polyolefins include terpolymers of ethylene, maleic anhydride and acrylates such as ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate and the anhydride-grafted polyolefins. Some typical applications and stmctures of a variety of multilayer materials with extruded polymer tie-layer adhesives, as described in Du-Pont trade literature, are detailed in Table 16.2. 

Neutral or negatively charged polymeric resins are commonly employed to provide styling benefits in products such as mousses, gels, hairsprays, and setting lotions. Typical examples in use today are the copolymer of vinyl acetate and cro-tonic acid, the copolymer of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate (PVP/VA), the ethyl ester of the copolymer of polyvinyl methyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM/MA), and the copolymer of octylacrylamide/acrylates/butylaminoethyl methacrylate (Amphomer). 

New macroradicals have been obtained by proper solvent selection for the homopolymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate, and by the copolymerization of maleic anhydride with vinyl acetate, vinyl isobutyl ether, or methyl methacrylate. These macroradicals and those prepared by the addition to them of other monomers were stable provided they were insoluble in the solvent. Since it does not add to maleic anhydride chain ends, acrylonitrile formed a block copolymer with only half of the styrene-maleic anhydride macroradicals. However, this monomer gave excellent yields of block polymer when it was added to a macroradical obtained by the addition of limited quantities of styrene to the original macroradical. Because of poor diffusion, styrene did not add to acrylonitrile macroradicals, but block copolymers formed when an equimolar mixture of styrene and maleic anhydride was added. 

Maleic anhydride oligomer. See Maleic anhydride homopolymer Maleic anhydride/polyethylene copolymer. See Ethylene/MA copolymer Maleic anhydride polymer. See Maleic anhydride homopolymer Maleic anhydride, polymer with ethyl acrylate and vinyl acetate, hydrolyzed CAS 113221-69-5 UN 1760... 

Vegetable oil-based poly(ester amide) resin has also been synthesised at a lower temperature in the absence of an organic solvent through a condensation polymerisation reaction of V,V-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) oil fatty amide and phthalic anhydride at a temperature lower than the onset of their melting points. By-products such as water were removed by a vacuum technique. Poly(ester amide) resins may also be prepared using an acid functional acrylic copolymer (butyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride) and hydroxy ethyl fatty amide of dehydrated castor oil in a 3 1 molar ratio. 

Most methods for the determination of carboxyl groups in polymers are based on titration techniques including, for example, the following copolymers acrylic acid - itaconic acid [29], acrylic acid - ethyl acrylate [30] and maleic acid-styrene [31]. High-frequency titration has been applied [32] to the analysis of itaconic acid - styrene and maleic acid - styrene copolymers and ethyl esters of itaconic anhydride - styrene copolymers. The method can also be used to detect traces of acidic impurities in polymers and in the identification of mixtures of similar acidic copolymers. Titration indicates that the acid segments in the copolymers of itaconic acid - styrene and maleic acid - styrene, and the homopolymer polyitaconic acid, act as dibasic acids. The method has a sensitivity that permits identification and approximate resolntion of two carboxylate species in the same polymer, for example ... 

---