Grafting with styrene/maleic anhydrides

Fig. 12.1.4 Immobilization of bovine serum albumin on colloidal silica grafted with poly (maleic anhydride-styrene) (O), poly(maleic anhydride-methyl methacrylate) ( ), and poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(maleic anhydride-styrene) (A). (Front Ref. 42.)...

Blends of PE with styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer were coarse and weak. When t-V-butyl aminoethyl methacrylate was grafted onto the PE, it reacted with the maleic anhydride to form amide block copolymer at the interface, giving finer morphology, and higher tensile and impact strengths [179]. 

Two interesting developments should also be noted syndiotactic polypropylene produced by a novel metallocene system and polypropylene grafted with styrene and/or maleic anhydride marketed by Montell as Hivalloy. 

Glycidyl methacrylate has also been grafted to polyethylene and to poly(ethylene-co-propylene) using peroxides in extruders.87 The reactive group need not be pendant. It can be part of a copolymer. Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers have been reacted with ammonia and with amines in extruders.88... 

Poly(S-a/f-maleic anhydride)-g-PEO grafts were prepared by reacting monoamine terminated poly(ethylene oxide) with the styrene-maleic anhydride alternating copolymers [70]. The samples were characterized by SEC and UV-VIS and NMR spectroscopy. 

PB grafted with styrene, methylmethacrylate, and maleic anhydride (ABSM-MA) or a mixture of ABS and SMM-MA processability, high impact strength, mechanical properties Dufour, 1982... 

HOPE with PS and SEBS HIPS with HOPE SEBS LLDPE with SEBS PS, LLDPE and SEBS PP and PET reactively blended with maleated SEBS PA/PO/SEBS compatibilized by SMA PO with PA, PET and styrenics SBS, EVAc, PS and LLDPE or ULDPE PO with SEBS, SEPS, SEB grafted with maleic anhydride acrylic or sulfonic acid PP with either SBR, SBS, or an acrylic elastomer, and PP grafted with styrene... 

SMA PC blend. This blend (Arloy , Arco) contained SMA grafted with polybutadiene as the impact modifier. The properties of SMA/PC blend were similar to ABS/PC blend with slightly higher heat distortion temperatures (107 to 117°C) but comparable impact strength (> 500 J/m). However, it was discontinued from the market due to unfavorable economics relative to ABS/PC blend. The partial miscibility between the styrene-maleic anhydride and polycarbonate accounts for the adequate compatibility of this blend as evidenced by the high level of tensile and impact strengths. 

Styrene and acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene, butadiene and styrene copolymer Styrene, ethylene, butylenes and styrene copolymer Styrene, ethylene, butylenes and styrene copolymer grafted with glycidyl methacrylate Styrene, ethylene, butylenes and styrene copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride Styrene maleic anhydride Syndiotactic polystyrene... 

Compatibilization improves the morphological stability of polymer blends when block or graft copolymers are used by the introduction of steric hindrance to drop coalescence. A chemical approach is possible for formation of grafted PC with SAN chains at the PC/SAN interface. SAN-amine copolymer is prepared by reaction of a terpolymer of styrene, maleic anhydride, and acrylonitrile with l-(2aminoethyl) piperazine. The SAN-amine polymer is miscible with the SAN matrix of ABS and reacts with PC. The formation of graft polymer has resulted in the reduction of SAN dispersed-phase particle size. The blend morphology has been found to stabilize in the mixing process. 

Various approaches have been undertaken for reactive compatibilization of poly-amide/ABS alloys. Maleic anhydride can be grafted to the ABS. Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers have been employed as compatibilizers for polyamide/ABS blends. SMA and SAN copolymers are miscible when the AN and maleic anhydride (MA) contents are equal. The impact strength of these blends has been found to be sensitive to the amount and composition of the SMA copolymer. Addition of SMA to SAN/polyamide blends was found to enhance the tensile and impact properties of these blends. Imidized acrylic polymers have been used as compatibilizers for nylon-6/ABS blends. Glycidyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate (GMA/MMA) copolymers are used as compatibilizing agents. The epoxide functionality in GMA is capable of reaction with polyamide end groups. GMA/MMA copolymers can be shown to be miscible with SAN over the range of AN content of ABS. Styrene/GMA copolymers have been reported to be used as compatibilizers for polymer pairs such as... 

ABS is also produced via bulk polymerization, with similar characteristics as noted above for HIPS. However, commercial ABS is primarily produced via emulsion polymerization, where SAN is polymerized in the presence of prepolymerized rubber (PB or SBR) emulsions. SAN is grafted to the rubber particles and also crosshnks the rubber particles, providing melt processing particle size stability. The advantage of emulsion polymerization versus bulk polymerization involves the ability to attain lower particle size and thus improved gloss of the injection molded or extruded articles of mamrfacture. ABS can tolerate lower rubber particle size than HIPS without loss of impact strength. In addition to PB and SBR, EPDM and acrylate rubbers have also been employed in the impact modification of PS and SAN. The primary advantage of these rubber modifiers involves the improved weatherabihty and thermal (oxidative) stability. Styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers have been impact modified with similar rubber and processes as HIPS and ABS. 

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