Lung cancers

FIGURE 4.2 Effect of boron, with or without hormone replacement therapy (HRT), on the risk (odds ratio) of lung cancer in women. (Data adapted from Mahabir, S. et al., Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008 167 1070-1080.) 

ROBERT M. STRIETER, JOHN A. BELPERIO, RODERICK J. PHILLIPS, STEVEN M. DUBINETT and MICHAEL P. KEANE 

Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue. New York, New Yoik 10016 

TABLE 27.4. Pulmonary Tumor Response of Laboratory Rodents to Inhalation of Known Human Pulmonary Carcinogens 

Source Hahn, F. F. Lung carcinogenesis. In Kitchum, K. T. Carcinogenicity, (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998. 

Crystal, R. G., and West, J. B. (Eds.). The Lung Scientific Foundations, Raven Press, New York, 1991. 

Foster, W. M., and Costa, D. L. (Eds.). Air Pollutants and the Respiratory Tract, 2nd ed., Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Vol. 204, Taylor Francis, New York, 2005. 

---

Care must be taken in handling radon, as with other radioactive materials. The main hazard is from inhalation of the element and its solid daughters which are collected on dust in the air. Good ventilation should be provided where radium, thorium, or actinium is stored to prevent build-up of the element. Radon build-up is a health consideration in uranium mines. Recently radon build-up in homes has been a concern. Many deaths from lung cancer are caused by radon exposure. In the U.S. it is recommended that remedial action be taken if the air in homes exceeds 4 pCi/1. 

Lunar caustic Lundin process Lung cancer Lung edema Lung flukes Lungworms a-Lupilic acid b-Lupilic acid Lupin... 

Antimony is not known to cause cancer, birth defects, or affect reproduction in humans. However, antimony has been shown to cause lung cancer in laboratory animals that inhaled antimony-containing dusts and prolonged exposure to antimony can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, lungs, and stomach, in the form of vomiting and diarrhea. Heart problems can also result from overexposure to antimony (33). 

The replacement of asbestos fibers by other fibrous materials has raised similar health issues in relation to substitute materials. However, since lung cancer has a latency period of approximately 25 years, and since the fiber exposure levels in contemporary industries is far lower than those which prevailed half a century ago, the epidemiological data on most substitutes is insufficient. A possible exception is slag fibers for which several studies on worker populations are available over extended periods (44) some results show a substantial increase in lung cancer occurrence. Consequentiy, the toxicity of asbestos substitute fibers remains a subject of active investigation. 

Vinorelbine) taxol [33069-62 ] C47H51NO14 853.92 (52) nonsmaH cell lung cancer investigational dmg alopecia neutropenia ... 

The majority of promising drug candidates emerging from marine natural products research to date are potential cancer treatments. Six anti-cancer compounds that are either marine natural products or synthetic analogs of marine natural products have made it to clinical trials. The first of these compounds to enter clinical trials was didemnin B (43), one of a family of cyclic depsipetides isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum Didemnin B was advanced to Phase II clinical trials for treatment of small cell lung cancer, myeloma, prostate cancer, and melanoma. Unfortunately, no favorable responses were found so the compound has been withdrawn. Crude extracts of another Caribbean tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata, showed extremely... 

Stomach Cancer. Of all the cancers, that of the stomach causes the second largest number of deaths. Only lung cancer kills more men, and only breast cancer kills more women. Stomach cancer is a painful and debilitating way to die, and the link to nitrate in water that has been suggested is a serious matter. There... 

Human Odor, visibility, nasopharyngeal and eye irritation Acute respiratory disease Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer... 

Effects of indoor air pollutants on humans are essentially the same as those described in Chapter 7. However, there can be some additional pollutant exposures in the indoor environment that are not common in the ambient setting. From the listing in Table 23-1, radon exposures indoors present a radiation hazard for the development of lung cancer. Environmental tobacco smoke has been found to cause lung cancer and other respiratory diseases. Biological agents such as molds and other toxins may be a more likely exposure hazard indoors than outside. 

TABLE 5.8(c) Case-Control Studies of Lung Cancer among Workers in the Printing Industry... 

It has been known for years that professional bus and truck drivers as well as railroad workers suffer a larger than average risk of lung cancer because of... 

Chronic Pulmonary Toxicity Chronic damage to the lungs may be due to several subsequent exposures or due to one large dose that markedly exceeds the capacity of pulmonary defense, clearance, and repair mechanisms. Chronic pulmonary toxicity includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer. The single most important reason for chronic pulmonary toxicity is tobacco smoke, which induces all types of chronic pulmonary toxicity, with the exception of fibrosis. 

---