Indoor environments

Interferometric systems, usually heflum-neon lasers, offer precise distance measurement over a scale of distances <100 m and in an indoor environment. Such devices are suitable for dimensional control of machine tools (see Machining MATERIALS, ELECTROCHEMICAL). 

Effects of indoor air pollutants on humans are essentially the same as those described in Chapter 7. However, there can be some additional pollutant exposures in the indoor environment that are not common in the ambient setting. From the listing in Table 23-1, radon exposures indoors present a radiation hazard for the development of lung cancer. Environmental tobacco smoke has been found to cause lung cancer and other respiratory diseases. Biological agents such as molds and other toxins may be a more likely exposure hazard indoors than outside. 

Limited to residents in BRA s weatherization program Adopted OSHA standards Indoor air exposures considered in determining drinking water levels Restricts use and sales of pesticides which may cause indoor air pollution Bans on use of some potential indoor pollutants in consumer products Restricts smoking in specified indoor environments Restricts use of asl estos in VA buildings... 

In all ventilation, the condition of the indoor environment, called indoor air quality (lAQ), and the exposures for the occupants are important. In industrial facilities, the contaminant emission rates may be 10-100 times higher than in nonindustrial facilities, but for many contaminants the lAQ levels may... 

Air flow technologies that control workplace indoor environment and emissions... 

Air flow technologies that achieve and maintain a safe, healthy, productive and comfortable indoor environment in premises and occupied enclosures where this need is determined not only by human occupancy, normal human activities, and construction and finishing materials but also, and often primarily, by other factors, for example, production processes... 

It is typical for industrial premises to have, in one space, zones with different target levels. The target levels may be determined for the whole area or locally. Often only a part of the space requires controlling of the indoor environment parameters. In addition to the main controlled zone, there may be one or more local controlled zones with target levels different from those in the main controlled zone. 

This chapter introduces fundamentals of human physiology and health requirements relevant to the control of indoor environment within industrial buildings. 

This task considers the effect of building and construction properties to indoor environment. It requires the collection of properties of building layout, construction, openings and their properties as basic values for load calculations. See Fig. 3.5. 

Requirements for indoor environment quality must be discussed and decided before the air conditioning design is performed. Criteria for acceptable indoor air quality and thermal comfort must be set. 

European Committee for Standardization. CENfTC 156A)PG6 Ventilation for Buildings Design Criteria for Indoor Environment. Draft, European Prestandard prENV 1752, June 1996. 

A filter is a component of a system which, in conjunction with other components, can contribute toward a better indoor environment. 

Modern measuring techniques, an increased requirement for the indoor environment, and the efficiency of filters in separating particles led to EUROVENT 4/9 1992 Method of Testing Air Filters Used In General Ventilation for the Determination of Fractional Efficiency. This method also provides the basis for the next revision or upgrade of European Standard EN 779 1999. 

The increased need to control the indoor environment and filter efficiency in the actual environment has led to EUROVENT 4/10 1996, Recommendations for In Situ Fractional Determination of General Ventilating Filters. ... 

A. Melikov, ed. Calibration and requirements for accuracy of Thermal Anemometers for Indoor Velocity Measurements. Report ET-1E9701. Technical University of Denmatk, Laboratory of Indoor Environment and Energy, 1997. 

Fumes are defined as solid airborne particulates that have been produced by a change of state. Many industrial operations produce fumes which affect both the indoor environment and the outdoor environment. For many operations, fumes are generated by a high-temperature process. The gas stream containing the fume is usually of high temperature and contains combustibles. The combustibles may form an explosive mixture, thus necessitating specialized design inputs for most fume control ventilation systems. The major elements of a fume control system are pictured in Fig. 13.28. 

Fisk, W. J., and Rosenfeld, A. H. (1998). Potential Nationwide Iniprovements in Productivity and Health from Better Indoor Environments. In Proceedings of the ACEEE 1998 Summer Study of Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Washington, DC Aiierican Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. 

Nicoara S, Culea M, Palibroda N, et al. 1994. Volatile organic chemical pollutants in laboratory indoor air. Indoor Environ 3 83-86. 

Studies in indoor environments of dermal contact transfer required an estimate, and a tight-fitting whole-body dosimeter was adopted and initially considered as a surrogate for skin (Krieger et al., 2000). Contact with treated surfaces was limited to feet, hands, limbs, and torso. Standardized Jazzercize to represent daily human activities and maximum contact was incorporated into protocols for indoor exposure studies (Ross et al., 1990,1991). Comparative studies will be reported elsewhere (Krieger et al., 2000). 

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