Inhalation antimony

Antimony is not known to cause cancer, birth defects, or affect reproduction in humans. However, antimony has been shown to cause lung cancer in laboratory animals that inhaled antimony-containing dusts and prolonged exposure to antimony can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, lungs, and stomach, in the form of vomiting and diarrhea. Heart problems can also result from overexposure to antimony (33). 

Inhalation of antimony compounds produces different effects at different concentrations. Chronic inhalation of low concentrations causes rhinitis and irritation of the trachea. At high concentrations, acute pulmonary edema occurs, and bronchitis may occur (the bronchitis may lead to emphysema). Inhaled antimony concentrates in lung tissue as a result, pneumoconiosis with obstructive lung disease has been recorded. Antimony is a suspected human carcinogen. 

Elliot BM, Mackay YM, Clay P and Ashby J (1998) An assessment of the genetic toxicology of antimony trioxide. Mutat Res 415 109-117. European Union, Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official J L330 (1998) 32. Felicetti SA, Thomas RG and McCullan RO (1974) Metabolism of two valence states of inhaled antimony in hamsters. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 35 292-300. 

Antimony tfioxide is currently designated as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and ACGIH (31). However, a chronic inhalation study, conducted by the Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), found no evidence of carcinogenicity (31,32). 

M One-Year Inhalation Toxicity Study ofMntimonj Trioxide in the Rat (with a One-year Recovery Period), Bio /dynamics Incorporated, East Millstone, N.J. submitted to Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), Feb. 9, 1990. 

The antimony electrode used by Rosenfeldt et al. [156] did respond proportionally to the myocardial pH changes in dogs produced by infusion of sodium bicarbonate or inhalation of carbon dioxide. However, pH measured by the antimony electrodes was consistently about 0.26 units higher than that which was measured with the Paratrend optical... 

Colorless gas with a disagreeable odor like hydrogen sulfide. It decomposes slowly on standing depositing elemental antimony. This material is hazardous through inhalation. It is highly flammable. 

An attempt to prepare 1 -bromo-2-fluoroethane by the partial fluorination of ethylene dibromide by means of antimony trifluoride was not very successful. The compound was best prepared by the action of phosphorus tribromide on F.E.A. The compound was relatively non-toxic and the bromine atom rather unreactive, but considerably more reactive than the chlorine atom in chlorofluoroethane. For example, bromofluoroethane was readily converted by means of potassium thiocyanate into 2-fluoroethyl thiocyanate. As a lethal inhalant the toxicity of the thiocyanate was inferior to that of M.F.A. Toxicity by injection, however, appeared to be higher. 

The powder and dust of antimony are toxic and can cause damage to the lungs. The fumes of antimony halogens (chlorides and fluorides) are especially dangerous when inhaled or in contact the skin. 

Many of the salts of antimony are carcinogenic and can cause lung cancer if inhaled, as well as other cancers if ingested. This is a major hazard with the radioisotopes of antimony used in industry. Some of its sulfide compounds are explosive. 

Newton PE, Bolte HE, Daly IW, et al Subchronic and chronic inhalation toxicity of antimony trioxide in the rat. Fundam Appl Toxiro/22 561-576, 1994... 

Elements are incorporated into teeth from the diet or by inhalation. The figure shows trace element profiles measured by laser ablation—plasma ionization-mass spectrometry of the dentine of teeth from a modem person and one who lived in Scandinavia about a.d. 1800. The contrast is striking. The old tooth contains significant amounts of tin and bismuth, which are nearly absent in the modern tooth. The old tooth contains more lead and antimony than the modem tooth. Tin and lead are constituents of pewter, which was used for cooking vessels and utensils. Bismuth and antimony also might come from pewter. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingesdon. Human pulmonary system effects by inhaladon. Corrosive by vigorous reacdon with moisture, generadng heat and hydrogen chloride gas (a strong irritant), which can cause pulmonary edema when inhaled. Systemic effects can be caused by the andmony. See also ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS. Experimental reproducdve effects. Mutadon data reported. When heated to decomposidon it emits very toxic fumes of chlorine and andmony. It can react violendy with aluminum, potassium, sodium. 

SAFETY PROFILE Most antimony compounds are poisons by ingestion, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes. See also ANTIMONY. Locally antimony compounds irritate the skin and mucous membranes. Sb+++ and hot HCIO3 can form an explosive mixture. 

SAFETY PROFILE A poison by inhalation. A very reactive, corrosive liquid to skin, eyes, mucous membranes. See also FLUORIDES and ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS. Violent reaction with phosphates. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of F and Sb. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Human blood and gastrointestinal system effects by inhalation. Questionable carcinogen. See also ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS and SULFIDES. Spontaneously flammable when exposed to strong oxidizers. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Moderately explosive by spontaneous reaction with chlorates, perchlorates, CIO, thallic oxide. When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes it emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur and antimony. Will react with water or steam to produce toxic and flammable vapors. 

OSHA PEL TWA 0.5 mg(Sb)/m3 ACGIH TLV TWA 0.5 mg(Sb)/m3 Proposed (inhalable fraction) 0.1 mg/m Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen) NiOSH REL (Antimony) TWA 0.5 mg/m SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion. Human systemic effects by ingestion nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal effects. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of T, NOx, and Sb. See also ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS, EMETINE and IODIDES. 

SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by inhalation. Silanes are irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Easily ignited in air. Explosive reaction or ignition on contact with halogens or covalent halides (e.g., bromine, chlorine, carbonyl chloride, antimony pentachloride, tin(TV) chloride). Ignites in oxygen. Can react with oxidizers. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation. Potentially explosive decomposition at 200°C. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Explosive reaction with ammonia + heat, chlorine, concentrated nitric acid, ozone. Incompatible with oxidants. The decomposition products are hydrogen and metallic antimony. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Sb. Used as a fumigating agent. See also ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS and HYDRIDES. 

Completed inhalation studies have demonstrated that inhalation of antimony trioxide induces lung tumors in female rats . 

The report also showed that a statistically significant increase in the incidenee of lung tumors was observed in rats exposed to antimony trioxide by inhalation. It was also noted that there is an increased incidence of lung cancer in rats exposed by inhalation to antimony trisulfide. This observation, coupled with indications that occupational exposure to antimony processing is associated with lung cancers in humans, is qualitative evidence for the carcinogenicity of antimony by inhalation. However, an earlier U.S. EPA analysis concluded that the animal data were insufficient for quantitative estimation of the carcinogenic potency of antimony. 

Antoniskis et al reported four cases of reversible acute kidney injury in patient with AIDS who received both intravenous pentamidine (for PCP) and amphotericin B (for systemic mycoses). Of note, nephrotoxicity did not develop in three AIDS patients treated with both TMP-SMZ and amphotericin B or in two patients who concomitantly received inhaled pentamidine and amphotericin B [160]. Reports of renal damage in patients receiving parenteral pentamidine for the treatment of non-HIV diseases continue. Reversible acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome were documented in a young child given pentamidine mesylate and an antimonial salt for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis [161]. In Africa (Kenya) patients with visceral leishmaniasis have developed renal toxicity during prolonged treatment (1 to 10 months) with pentamidine [162]. 

Acute respiratory exposure of seven workers to 70-80 mgm" of antimony trichloride, SbCl3, resulted in irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl5, caused severe pulmonary edema in three cases, two of them being lethal Completed inhalation studies have demonstrated that inhalation of antimony trioxide induces lung tumors in female rats. ... 

Inhalation and oral routes from pottery glaze. The emission of antimony into the human environment appears to be the result of human activity, with the emission of antimony trioxide being the most significant source. Antimony trioxide is emitted as a result of coal burning or with fly ash when antimony-containing ores are smelted. 

The International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluated antimony trioxide and concluded that antimony trioxide was possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2b) on the basis of the inhalation study in rats. 

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