Synthetic analog

Also present in the first test tube is a synthetic analog of ATP in which both the 2 and 3 hydroxyl groups have been replaced by hydrogens This compound is called 2 3 dideoxyadenosme triphosphate (ddATP) Similarly ddTTP is added to the second tube ddGTP to the third and ddCTP to the fourth Each tube also contains a primer The primer is a short section of the complementary DNA strand which has been labeled with a radioactive isotope of phosphorus ( P) When the electrophoresis gel is examined at the end of the experiment the positions of the DNAs formed by chain extension of the primer are located by a technique called autoradiography which detects the particles emitted by the P isotope... 

Figure 11 Antiinflammatory or anti-cancer marine natural products and synthetic analogs that are in commercial use or in clinical and preclinical evaluation...

The majority of promising drug candidates emerging from marine natural products research to date are potential cancer treatments. Six anti-cancer compounds that are either marine natural products or synthetic analogs of marine natural products have made it to clinical trials. The first of these compounds to enter clinical trials was didemnin B (43), one of a family of cyclic depsipetides isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Trididemnum solidum Didemnin B was advanced to Phase II clinical trials for treatment of small cell lung cancer, myeloma, prostate cancer, and melanoma. Unfortunately, no favorable responses were found so the compound has been withdrawn. Crude extracts of another Caribbean tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata, showed extremely... 

In the early 1930 s, when the prime research aim was the commercial synthesis of the sex hormones (whose structures had just been elucidated), the principal raw material available was cholesterol extracted from the spinal cord or brain of cattle or from sheep wool grease. This sterol (as its 3-acetate 5,6-dibromide) was subjected to a rather drastic chromic acid oxidation, which produced a variety of acidic, ketonic and hydroxylated products derived mainly by attack on the alkyl side-chain. The principal ketonic material, 3j -hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one, was obtained in yields of only about 7% another useful ketone, 3 -hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone) was obtained in much lower yield. The chief acidic product was 3j -hydroxy-androst-5-ene-17j -carboxylic acid. All three of these materials were then further converted by various chemical transformations into steroid hormones and synthetic analogs ... 

Complexes with macroheterocyclic ligands as synthetic analogs of metallo-biosites 99CSR159. 

Heterolignans, synthetic analogs of lignans containing heterocylic fragments 99H(51)1443. 

The observation that very significant parts of the cocaine molecule could be deleted from synthetic analogs without loss of biologic activity led to the search for the minimal structural feature consistent with activity. This exercise, sometimes referred to as molecular dissection, not only led to great simpli-fi cation of the structure of local anesthetics but resulted fi-tially in the preparation of active molecules that bear only the remotest structural relation to the prototype, cocaine. 

The insect s choice of food may be governed to a considerable extent, as ours is, by attractants and repellents. In many instances, the actual insecticidal action of plant extractives may be due primarily to an artificially high level of application, while, in fact, the parent plants are only repellent in the field. This repellency may appear to be resistance on the part of the plant, and the chemistry of such resistance factors has begun to receive much-needed attention. For example, Smissman and his coworkers have examined the chemical basis for the inherited resistance of some strains of corn to attack by the European corn borer. 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (X) was isolated (2, SO) and shown to be one of the principal resistance factors, and a number of synthetic analogs were found to... 

Insulin Analogs. At present, the only known ligands of the insulin receptors are insulin isotypes from different species and a number of synthetic analogs... 

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA ecstasy) is a synthetic analog of amphetamine that produces hallucinations, an elevation in mood, and a feeling of emotional closeness . This latter property has led to Ecstasy being referred to as the hug drag . The unique properties of Ecstasy as compared to the parent compound amphetamine are believed to be due to the more selective effects of Ecstasy in promoting transporter-mediated release of serotonin. The use of Ecstasy has become a part of the culture associated with rave style dance parties. 

Pitha, J.Physiological Activities of Synthetic Analogs of Polynucleotides. Vol. 50, pp. 1-16. 

Synthetic analog clusters have played a pivotal role in development of Fe-S cluster biochemistry. Indeed, the synthesis and characterization of clusters with [Fe2( t2-S)2], [Fe4( (,3-S)4], and linear [Fe3( t2-S)4l cores by Holm and co-workers (47, 48) were crucial in establishing the properties of these clusters and identifying these types of centers in biological systems. However, the synthesis of a cluster with the physi-... 

Fe3S4(LSa)] and [Fe3Se4(LS3)] synthetic analog complexes (50) would also be very useful in testing these assignments. 

During the past 20 years, considerable progress has been made toward understanding the electronic properties of iron-sulfur centers thanks to the fruitful interplay between various approaches such as synthetic analog chemistry, theoretical modeling, and of course spectroscopic studies. Modeling studies have been strongly stimulated by the permanent supply of complementary data provided especially by EPR, Mossbauer, ENDOR, MCD, and NMR experiments. However,... 

Synthetic analogs of purine and pyrimidine bases and their derivatives serve as anticancer dmgs either by inhibiting an enzyme of nucleotide biosynthesis or by being incorporated into DNA or RNA. 

Azoxystrobin is a synthetic analog of naturally occurring strobilurins and oudemansins. The preventative, curative, eradicant, translaminar and systemic properties facilitate control of a wide range of major plant pathogens in many crops... 

Jemiolo B., Bozena F.A., Xie T., Wiesler D. and Novotny M. (1989). Puberty-affecting synthetic analogs of urinary chemosignals in the house mouse (Mus domesticus). Physiol Behav 46, 293-298. 

Primary therapy is based on disease severity and type of hemorrhage.7 Most patients with mild to moderate disease and a minor bleeding episode can be treated with l-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin [desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)], a synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. DDAVP causes release of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII from endogenous storage sites. This formulation increases plasma factor VIII levels by three- to fivefold within 30 minutes. The recommended dose is 0.3 mcg/kg intravenously (in 50 mL normal saline infused over 15 to 30 minutes) or subcutaneously or 300 meg intranasally via concentrated nasal spray every 12 hours. Peak effect with intranasal administration occurs 60 to 90 minutes after administration, which is somewhat later than with intravenous administration. Desmopressin infusion may be administered daily for up to 2 to 3 days. Tachyphylaxis, an attenuated response with repeated administration, may occur after several doses.8... 

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