Lung Cancers Not Related to Smoking

Lung cancer is most often associated with tobacco smoking (see Section 32.9). Nonsmokers, however, have also been found to have elevated incidences of lung cancer in some instances. I52 Three examples follow  

Foundry workers who are exposed to complex mixtures of gases and fine particles that include airborne particulates [H] and organic binders [L] have an elevated risk for lung cancer. In vitro laboratory studies have demonstrated mutagenic activity for these fumes, including free radical DNA damageJ53  

Lung cancer has also been attributed to diesel fume exposures. I47 Diesel fumes are composed of a complex mixture of lipophilic and hydrophilic species, including some that are individually carcinogenic (e.g., PAHs). 

Aluminum production workers are exposed to PAHs [L], asbestos, fluorides [H], sulfur dioxide [-2.20], and magnetic fields. A case control Canadian study showed increased risks of lung cancer in aluminum production workers. I54l 

---