Risk of lung cancer

It has been known for years that professional bus and truck drivers as well as railroad workers suffer a larger than average risk of lung cancer because of... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been classified as human carcinogens because they induce cancers in experimental animals and because smoking and exposure to mixtures of chemicals containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the workplace increase the risk of lung cancer in exposed individuals. In experimental animals, benzo(a)pyrene induces cancer in different organs depending on the route of administration.Furthermore, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons commonly occurs in occupations related to traffic (use of diesel engines in transportation and railways). 

One other study deserves a mention. The Cancer Prevention Study 11 was a prospective investigation using a very large cohort of over one million adult Americans, in which the effects of commercial multivitamin supplements and vitamins A, C or E on mortality were studied, during a follow-up period of seven years. The results were complex in that the use of multivitamins plus vitamins A, C and/or E significantly reduced the risk of lung cancer in both former smokers and life-long non-smokers, but vitamins A, C and E apparently increased the risk in current smokers. 

Holick, C.N. et al., Dietary carotenoids, serum beta-carotene, and retinol and risk of lung cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cohort study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 156, 536, 2002. 

Michaud DS, Feskanich DD, Rimm EB et al. (2000), Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92 990-997. 

Hirayama T (1981). Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer. British Medical Journal, 282, 183-185. 

The risk of lung cancer from exposure to radon daughters in homes is derived by assessing lung dose, either absolutely by evaluating an effective dose equivalent (UNSCEAR, 1982 NEA, 1983) or by scaling the... 

It is reasonable to conclude that dose to cells throughout the bronchial tree may contribute to the risk of lung cancer and not just the dose received by certain cells in the large central airways. It is probably also appropriate to evaluate the dose absorbed by cells throughout the depth of bronchial epithelium, i.e. the mean dose,... 

Dosil-Diaz O, Ruano-Ravina A, Gestal-Otero JJ and Barros-Dios JM. 2008. Consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of lung cancer a case-control study in Galicia, Spain. Nutrition 24(5) 407-413. 

Feskanich D, Ziegler RG, Michaud DS, Giovanucci EL, Speizer EE, Willett WC and Colditz GA. 2000. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of lung cancer among men and women. Int J Natl Cancer Inst 92(22) 1812-1823. 

Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Hellovaara M, Teppo L, Pukkala E and Aromaa A. 1997. Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. Am J Epidemiol 146(3) 223-230. 

Asbestos is generally made up of fiber bundles that can be broken up into long, thin fibers. We now know from various studies that when this friable substance is released into the air and inhaled into the lungs over a period of time, it can lead to a higher risk of lung cancer and a... 

The health effects of particulate matter (a complex mixture of solids and liquids) emissions are not yet well understood but are recognized as major contributors to health problems. Biological activity of particulate matter may be related to particle sizes and/or particle composition. Furthermore, it has generally been concluded that exposure to particulate matter may cause increased morbidity and mortality, such as from cardiovascular disease. Long-term exposure to particulate emissions is also associated with a small increase in the relative risk of lung cancer. 

Although a number of epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of lung cancer among occupationally exposed beryllium workers, deficiencies in the studies limit any unequivocal conclusion. Specific criticisms concern the lack of consideration of latent effects, of smoking history, and of exposure to other potential carcinogens and the underestimation of expected lung cancer deaths in comparison populations. "... 

Toxicology. The water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds such as chromic acid mist and certain chromate dusts are severe irritants of the nasopharynx, larynx, lungs, and skin exposure to certain hexavalent chromium compounds, mainly water insoluble, appears to be related to an increased risk of lung cancer. 

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