Average risk

A. Average individual risk (exposed population) is the individual risk averaged over the population that is exposed to risk from the facility... 

Average individual risk (exposed population) is the individual risk averaged over the population that is exposed to risk from the facility (e.g., all of the operators in a building, or those people within the largest incident effect zone). This risk measure is only useful if the risk is relatively uniformly distributed over the population, and can be extremely misleading if risk is not evenly distributed. 

Several different expressions of risk may be quoted in an analysis, e.g., a risk averaged ov a whole population, an age-spedfic risk, or a risk for a particularly susceptible individual or subgroup. Such an individual or subgroup might be more susceptible because of genetic predisposition, exposine to another risk factor, e.g., cigarette smoke, or other reasons. 

Nature of effects Potency of agent Exposure Population at risk Average risk High-end risk Sensitive groups Uncertainties of science Uncertainties of analysis Identify Describe Measure... 

Total population is the individual risk averaged over a predetermined population, without regard to whether or not all people in that population are actually exposed to the risk. 

Average aggregate risk Average societal risk for on-site workers in occupied buildings (API 752). 

Epidemiologic studies in Japan indicate an increased risk of stomach cancer owing to consumption of broiled fish and meats (116). In the United States, stomach cancer incidence has steadily declined since the 1940s, whereas consumption of broiled food has increased (108). In addition, the average human intake of PAHs is only 0.002 of that required to produce cancer in half of animals fed. Test results are often contradictory (117) and many components of food, such as vitamin A, unsaturated fatty acids, thiols, nitrites, and even saUva itself, tend to inhibit the mutagenic activity of PAHs (118—120). Therefore, the significance of PAHs in the human diet remains unknown (121,109). 

Risk and uncertainty associated with each venture should translate, ia theory, iato a minimum acceptable net return rate for that venture. Whereas this translation is often accompHshed implicitly by an experienced manager, any formal procedure suffers from the lack of an equation relating the NRR to risk, as well as the lack of suitable risk data. A weaker alternative is the selection of a minimum acceptable net return rate averaged for a class of proposed ventures. The needed database, from a collection of previous process ventures, consists of NPV, iavestment, venture life, inflation, process novelty, decision (acceptance or rejection), and result data. 

Average individual risks must be defined in context of the exposed population ... 

In the Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker (VDE) regulations [1,4], no demands are made on the accuracy of the measured or calculated voltage drops in a rail network. An inaccuracy of 10% and, in difficult cases, up to 20%, should be permitted. A calculation of the annual mean values is required. If the necessary equipment is not available, a calculation is permitted over a shorter period (e.g., an average day). Voltage drops in the rail network only indicate the trend of the interference of buried installations. Assessment of the risk of corrosion of an installation can only be made by measuring the object/soil potential. A change in potential of 0.1 V can be taken as an indication of an inadmissible corrosion risk [5]. 

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