Smoking lung cancer risk

Koo L c (1988) Dietary habits and lung cancer risk among Chinese females in Hong Kong who never smoked. Nutr Cancer. 11 155-72. 

Harris RE, Zang EA, et al (1993) Race and sex differences in lung cancer risk associated with cigarette smoking, Int 1 Epidemiol 22(4) 592-599 Harrod SB, Booze RM, et al (2007) Sex differences in nicotine levels following repeated intravenous injection in rats are attenuated by gonadectomy, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86(1) 32-36... 

Zang EA, Wynder EL (1996) Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women examination of the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 88(3 ) 183-192 Zeman MV, Hiraki L, et al (2002) Gender differences in tobacco smoking higher relative exposure to smoke than nicotine in women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 11(2) 147-153... 

A case-cohort study of aluminum production plant workers showed a clear excess of lung cancer risk in men who had worked in Soder-berg potrooms in jobs with high exposure to CTPV, and that the risk was not due to confounding by smoking. The rate ratio for lung cancer rose with cumulative exposure to CTPV measured as benzene-soluble material to 2.25 at 10-19 mg/m -years benzene-soluble matter but did not rise with further exposure. 

Erren TC, Jacobsen M, Piekarski C. 1999. Synergy between asbestos and smoking on lung cancer risks. Epidemiology 10(4) 405-411. 

Smoking is a well-known trigger of respiratory diseases such as emphysema and lung cancer. Workers who smoke and who are exposed to excessive levels of particulates such as silica or asbestos have a combined lung cancer risk that is greater than for smoking or particle exposure alone (Holland and Smith, 2001). As a result, smoking (and exposure to other environmental pollutants) can make it difficult, but not impossible,... 

Tobacco smoking is the major cause of lung cancer, accounting for almost 90% of all lung cancers. Lung cancer risks for smokers, however, increase dramatically when smokers are exposed to other lung carcinogens. 

Table 15.1 Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Tobacco Smoking and Occupational Asbestos Exposure...

Smoking. Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer and the most common cause of cancer death in the United States (NCI 2008b). Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of various cancers (Table 15.3). Tobacco is estimated to cause one-third of all cancer... 

Heidenreich, W. F., Wellmann, J., Jacob, R, and Wichmann, H. E. (2002). Mechanistic modelling in large case-control studies of lung cancer risk from smoking. Stat Med 21, 3055-3070. 

Table I). This estimate is lower than that calculated before, but still gives clear evidence of markedly increased lung cancer risks, well beyond anything which might be attributable to smoking, or other sources of bias. 

Considering the widespread concern about possible cancer risks from pesticides, there have been few studies of professional pesticide applicators, the most highly exposed group. The most consistent findings from the studies which have been published concern increased lung cancer risks (Table II). However, the relative risk estimates were not sufficiently high to totally discount smoking differences as an explanation. 

Cl 1.6-2.8) (Table II) (12). A dose-response relationship was demonstrated by years of exposure. However it was not possible to link the increased lung cancer risk to any particular pesticide or group of pesticides. A random sample of study subjects did not smoke more than a general population sample. 

Elson, L.A. and T.E. Betts Sugar content of the tobacco and pH of the smoke in relation to lung cancer risks... 

Yuan JM, Ross RK, Chu XD, Gao YT, Yu MC. Prediagnostic levels of serum beta-cryptoxanthin and retinol predict smoking-related lung cancer risk in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001 10 767-773. 

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